Search Results:QuestionsZoe MCQ 35 Which of the following are true regarding the anterior spinocerebellar tract Zoe MCQ 34 Which of the following correctly describes the anatomical area the artery supplies in the brain Zoe MCQ 32 Listed are cranial nerves with their respective nuclei. Select all that are correct. Zoe MCQ 28 Which of the following correctly describe the olfactory system Zoe MCQ 27 Alex Honnold is the known to be the greatest solo climber with no fear. Scans of his brain showed zero activity of a certain region of his brain, even when reward experiments were conducted. They even showed him pictures of burning children, and there was no response... Zoe MCQ 26 An experiment removing the bilateral temporal lobe results in a Kluver-Bucy syndrome. The animals became fearless with no emotional reactions, hypersexual and indiscriminate in their choice of sexual partners. They also examined all objects in sight, eating... Zoe MCQ 25 In the cortex, there are association bundles that interconnect areas within each cerebral hemisphere. Which of the following describes the arcuate fasciculus Zoe MCQ 24 35 year-old patient presents with an acute onset of hemiparesis witht the ability to lift his eyebrows and speak coherently. Is this a stroke (yes or no) and what side of the brain is the stroke likely on Zoe MCQ 23 46 year-old patient presents to the Emergency Department stating ladder ... fall ... ground ... hurt ... fixing. He likely has a stroke in what area Zoe MCQ 22 Association nuclei project to cortical areas and receive major contingent of specific inputs from the cerebral cortex. Which of the following is NOT an association nucleus of the thalamus Zoe MCQ 21 Damage to the retrolenticular part of the internal capsule would likely result in a problem in: Zoe MCQ 20 Which of the following correctly describes the pathway to the auditory cortex upon listening to Josh Tatofi Zoe MCQ 19 45 year-old patient has a history of a hemorrhagic stroke to his right temporal lobe. The patient most likely has what visual deficit Zoe MCQ 18 67 year-old patient presents with vision problems. MRI of her brain reveals a lesion in the optic chiasm. We can expect her vision changes to be: Zoe MCQ 17 Which of the following NOT TRUE regarding the cerebellar peduncles Zoe MCQ 16 Which of the following are true regarding the posterior spinocerebellar tract Zoe MCQ 15 Cerebral veins are dividied into superficial and deep groups. The superficial veins on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres drain into the ________, while deep veins drain internal structures into the ______. Zoe MCQ 14 Listed are the principal eye muscles and the movements they contribute to. Select the answer choices that are correct. Zoe MCQ 13 Which of the following are not part of the arterial supply to the basal ganglia: Zoe MCQ 12 While running the Boston Marathon (just for fun), what type of muscle are you using Zoe MCQ 11 49 year-old patient presents with tongue deviation to the left. This patient most likely has a lesion of the: Zoe MCQ 10 54 year-old patient presents status-post fall while walking down the stairs at work. He reports diplopia while going down the stairs, contributing to the fall. While talking to the patient, there is no evident deviation of the eye, but he is tilting his head to the right... Zoe MCQ 09 45 year-old patient presents for a routine neurological exam. Using a pin, he is able to feel a sharp sensation to all his extremities. This is carried by the spinothalamic tract. Which of the following is FALSE regarding the spinothalamic tract Zoe MCQ 08 Which of the following are FALSE in regards to the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway Zoe MCQ 07 Which of the following are true regarding deep tendon reflexes and their principal cord segment Zoe MCQ 06 The MRI of a patient reveals a lesion at the brachium of the inferior colliculus. This patient now has problems with sound localization and auditory reflexes. What nucleus is downstream from this lesion Zoe MCQ 05 A young patient presents with a low-grade astrocytoma of the midbrain with signs of increased intracranial pressure from hydrocephalus. The patient required a shunt to drain the fluid and focal irradiation of the tumor, and later required no further therapy... Zoe MCQ 04 Which of the following are true regarding the diencephalon (select all that apply): Zoe MCQ 03 The limbic lobe is immediately superior to the corpus callosum. Which of the following correctly describes the limbic lobe going rostral to caudal Zoe MCQ 02 Your neighbor is still singing along.... In regards to action potentials, which answer choice best describes the absolute refractory period Zoe MCQ 01 Ms. Neuron was recently prescribed a benzodiazepine for depression resulting in more Cl- conductance of the GABA receptor channel. This is an example of: Dillon MCQ 36 Where is the primary olfactory cortex located Dillon MCQ 35 Which of the following cranial nerves IS NOT involved in the sensation of taste Dillon MCQ 34 The sun goes down, you become tired and prepare for sleep. What structure is implicated in maintaining a healthy circadian rhythm Dillon MCQ 33 You ask a patient to touch their nose, but they cannot despite completely intact muscle strength and normal range of movement. This is an example of what Dillon MCQ 32 Which best describes the typical location of Broca’s area Dillon MCQ 31 The majority of cortical neurons are which cell type Dillon MCQ 30 Which structure of the thalamus is this Dillon MCQ 29 Which artery provides most of the blood to the thalamus Dillon MCQ 28 The spinal components of the Medial lemniscus spinothalamic tract travel to which area of the thalamus Dillon MCQ 27 The the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) is best exemplified during which of the following actions Dillon MCQ 26 The structure responsible for the physiological blind spot in our vision is the _____. Dillon MCQ 25 After a thorough visual exam your find that you patient has Homonymous superior right quadrantanopsia. Damage to which of the following is most likely to cause this deficit Dillon MCQ 24 Which of the following nuclei are found in the cerebellum Dillon MCQ 23 Fibers projecting from the Cerebellum to the cerebral cortex are contained in which of the following structures Dillon MCQ 22 Which of the following best describes the cerebellum Dillon MCQ 21 The principle muscle involved in extortion of the eyes is _______. Dillon MCQ 20 If large lesion is created in the left frontal eye field, which direction will the gaze deviate at rest Dillon MCQ 19 Which of the following is MOST likely to be a neurological problem (assuming that the optic nerve and its projections are intact) Dillon MCQ 18 Which structure of the basal ganglia is heavily implicated in Parkinson’s disease Dillon MCQ 17 A man is abducted by aliens and has his entire basal ganglia removed (but is kept alive via cool alien technology). Which structure could still be found in this man’s brain Dillon MCQ 16 Which nuclei ARE NOT directly innervated by the corticobulbar tract Dillon MCQ 15 Which meningeal layer(s) can sense pain Dillon MCQ 14 Which nucleus is shared by cranial nerves V, VII, IX, and X Dillon MCQ 13 A patient presents with lateral strabismus of the left eye, which is a lateral deviation resulting from a weakness in the medial rectus. Damage to which cranial nerve can result in this condition Dillon MCQ 12 Syringomyelia is a disease involving a pathological enlargement of the spinal canal. Which structure is the most likely to be the first damaged by this expansion of the spinal canal Dillon MCQ 11 In the middle of an exam, you feel your phone repeatedly vibrating against your leg. Which sensory receptors are responsible for our perception of vibration Dillon MCQ 10 Vestibular receptors, located in the inner ear, fall under which broad classification of sensory receptors Dillon MCQ 09 A freak accident resulted in the complete destruction of one pair of cranial nerves, resulting in complete paralysis of the tongue. What pair of cranial nerves were damaged Dillon MCQ 08 Which structure connects the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle, allowing for the passage of CSF Dillon MCQ 07 The cerebral hemispheres originate from which embryonic structure Dillon MCQ 06 Which of the following are structures located in the brainstem Dillon MCQ 05 The frontal lobe is seperated from the temporal lobe by the ________ Dillon MCQ 04 Which cell type is most analogous to Schwann cells Dillon MCQ 03 Botulism toxin can be used in the treatment of muscle spasms and headaches, the best description of the MOA is which of the following Dillon MCQ 02 The brief period of hyperpolarization below -70mV after an action potential is caused by which of the following Dillon MCQ 01 Altering the concentration of which of the following ions in the presynaptic cleft will have the greatest, and most direct, impact on neurotransmitter release Carley MCQ 35 A patient has a lesion to the lateral aspect of the hypothalamus. What changes would you expect Carley MCQ 34 Remembering what you ate for dinner is what type of memory Carley MCQ 33 A patient has a stroke in the left hemisphere. Which of the following symptoms are likely to manifest Carley MCQ 31 A 75-year-old female presents to your clinic after experiencing speech difficulty for the past week. While she is able to produce fluent, grammatically correct speech, she has difficulty repeating phrases that are read to her. She has likely damaged what structure Carley MCQ 30 A 42-year-old male presents to your clinic for polyuria after undergoing surgery to remove a tumor near the pituitary gland. What structure was likely damaged during the surgery Carley MCQ 29 Which nuclei form the interthalamic adhesion Carley MCQ 28 Which thalamic nucleus has outputs to the somatosensory cortex Carley MCQ 26 Damage to the optic chiasm results in what deficit Carley MCQ 25 Which structure in the eye is responsible for blind spots Carley MCQ 24 Damage to the left cerebellar hemisphere is likely to result in Carley MCQ 23 What structure contains axons leaving the cerebellum and going to the red nucleus and thalmus Carley MCQ 21 While doing a dissection, you find a cranial nerve arising from the dorsal surface of the brain. Which cranial nerve is this Carley MCQ 15 Which nucleus is important in gustation Carley MCQ 11 A lesion to the anterior horn is likely to result in___ Carley MCQ 10 Someone who uses braile to read likely relies heavily on what type of cutaneous receptor Carley MCQ 09 A lesion to the inferior colliculi is likely to result in what sensory deficit Carley MCQ 06 What sulcus separates the parietal and temporal lobes Carley MCQ 05 Gray matter is predominantly made of ____ while white matter is predominantly made of ______ Carley MCQ 03 Presynaptic neurotransmitter exocytosis at the neuromuscular junction is mediated by what ion Carley MCQ 02 Which of the following statements regarding refractory periods is true Patellar Reflex White Matter and Gray Matter 1 Parts of a Neuron 1 Brain Surface Anatomy 1 Anatomical Directions 1 Muscle Fiber Action Potential Neuron Action Potential 2 Effect of Sodium Influx on a Neuron Membrane Resting Potential of a Neuron 2 Resting Potential of a Neuron Resting Potential of a Neuron What is the approximate resting potential of a human neuron Cranial Nerve Anatomy 02 Which of the following cranial nerves serves some motor function, but does not serve a sensory function Cranial Nerve Anatomy 06 Which of the following cranial nerves serves some motor function Cranial Nerve Anatomy 03 Which of the following cranial nerves serves some sensory function, but does not serve a motor function Cranial Nerve Anatomy 04 Which of the following cranial nerves serves both motor and sensory functions Cranial Nerve Anatomy 05 Which of the following cranial nerves serves some sensory function Cranial Nerve Anatomy 01 NeurOnc10 Infections 13 Basic Neuropathology 9 Myelin 12 Inclusionology 04 Miosis 1 Basic Neuropathology 7 Basic Neuropathology 8 Infections 12 Infections 11 Basic Neuropathology 6 Myelin 11 Inclusionology 03 Infections 10 Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathies 03 Peripheral Nerve Entraptments Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve iPED Conference Question #3 Which of the following are most easily and effectively incorporated into face-to-face learning iPED Conference Question #2 Who can use the resources on FrontalCortex.com iPED Conference Question #1 Peripheral Nervous System and Neurologic Exam - Question 6 Absent reflexes are most characteristic of: Peripheral Nervous System and Neurologic Exam - Question 5 Which of the following is most likely to be helpful in diagnosing a lesion within the peripheral nervous system Peripheral Nervous System and Neurologic Exam - Question 4 A patient presents with weakness. Which of the following physical exam findings is suggestive of a lesion within the peripheral nervous system Peripheral Nervous System and Neurologic Exam - Question 3 What is a myopathy Peripheral Nervous System and Neurologic Exam - Question 2 Which of the following is not a disease process within the peripheral nervous system Peripheral Nervous System and Neurologic Exam - Question 1 Which of the following is not considered part of the peripheral nervous system Electromyography and Neuromuscular Disorders - Chapter 2 Quiz - Question 4 In this illustration of a neuron, what is the name of the structure indicated by the unnecessarily large green arrow Electromyography and Neuromuscular Disorders - Chapter 2 Quiz - Question 3 Does an unmyelinated axon that is small in diameter conduct action potentials faster or slower than a large unmyelinated axon Electromyography and Neuromuscular Disorders - Chapter 2 Quiz - Question 2 The ventral rami of spinal nerves C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1 come together to form what structure Electromyography and Neuromuscular Disorders - Chapter 2 Quiz - Question 1 Which of the following is not considered part of the peripheral nervous system Electromyography and Neuromuscular Disorders - Chapter 1 Quiz - Question 2 True or False: There are very few ways in which technical factors can adversely affect the accuracy of nerve conduction studies or EMGs. Electromyography and Neuromuscular Disorders - Chapter 1 Quiz - Question 1 True or False: Every electrodiagnostic examination must be individualized based on the patient's symptoms and signs and the resulting differential diangosis. Primitive Reflexes 2 Which of the following statements about the primitive reflex shown above is most accurate Saphenous Nerve Which of the following statements about the saphenous nerve is most accurate Facial Findings 01 In the video above, I asked the gentleman shown to blink his eyes repeatedly. Based on the findings visible here, what is the most likely diagnosis EMG Findings 01 In the needle EMG study shown in the video above, the finding of motor unit action potentials that are large, long, and polyphasic would be most consistent with which of the following The SAH's Spasm! A 43-year-old man is referred from another hospital to you for further management of cerebral vasospasm. He developed acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. All of the following statements regarding arterial vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are correct, except: What can we do without Mr. Berry? You intend to give a lecture to post-graduate neurology trainees about subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Which one of the following statements should your lecture NOT include The SAH's therapy! Your interns ask you about the optimal medical treatment of this 62-year-old man with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. Your reply does NOT include which one of the following statements The SAH's medical treatment! You admit a 54-year-old man into the neurology ward after securing the diagnosis of acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. You start medical therapy for him. Regarding medical treatment of acute subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), which one is the wrong statement The SAH's consequences! While you manage a 61-year-old woman with acute subarachnoid bleed, she develops certain complications. With respect to complications and sequelae of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), which one is the wrong statement The SAH's Work-Up! You are taking care of a patient with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. Regarding the investigations in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), which one is the wrong statement The SAH's CSF! You think of subarachnoid hemorrhage in this 49-year-old man but his initial brain CT scan is unremarkable. One of your interns suggests doing lumbar puncture, as the best next step. All of the following statements about CSF findings in subarachnoid hemorrhage are correct, except: Blood around the brain! You suspect non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage in this middle-aged woman because of sudden thunder-clap headache and drowsiness. You order brain imaging to solidify your initial impression. Regarding spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), which one is the wrong statement The Sub-Spider Meninges A 55-year-old woman is brought to the ER by her husband. The husband states that his wife had a sudden severe occipital headache which is then followed by clouded consciousness. You examine the patient thoroughly and you consider subarachnoid hemorrhage. ... Subarachnoid Bleed! A 45-year-old female has been referred to your ER as a suspected case of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Your interns ask you few questions about this type of hemorrhagic stroke. With regard to non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), which one is the wrong statement Berrys's thing! A 54-year-old man presents to the ER with sudden severe headache that is turned out to be due to acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. With respect to subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), which one is the wrong statement Berry's Blood! You attend a national symposium about subarachnoid hemorrhage and you have learned many things. Which one of the following you have NOT learned The SAH's Surgery! After properly stabilizing this 51-year-old woman with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage, you tell your interns to prepare her for surgical intervention. With respect to the surgical treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) due to ruptured Berry's aneurysm, which one is the incorrect statement The SAH's Outlook! The older sister of this 49-year-old man who has acute subarachnoid hemorrhage asks you about the outlook her brother has. You explain to her the prognosis of this type of hemorrhagic stroke and she understands. Regarding the prognosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), choose the incorrect statement Physiology Terms 01 Delayed relaxation of skeletal muscle after voluntary contraction, related to hyperexcitability of the muscle membrane is called: Median sensory nerve conduction study normal values 01 You are performing a sensory nerve conduction test on an adult. You are testing the median nerve, recording at the 2nd finger. Of the following choices, which best defines the normal conduction velocity Median motor nerve conduction study normal values 01 You are performing a motor nerve conduction test on an adult. You are testing the median nerve, recording at the abductor pollicis brevis muscle. Of the following choices, which best defines the normal amplitude value Sensory distribution of the median nerve Which of the following images best illustrates the sensory distribution of the median nerve Pain in the forearm 06 A 25 year-old woman presents complaining of pain and tingling in her right arm. The pain is in her wrist, forearm, and elbow. The tingling is in her thumb and index finger. She says it's been going on for about 4 weeks, and getting worse. It frequently wakes her up at night... Pain in the forearm 05 A 25 year-old woman presents complaining of pain and tingling in her right arm. The pain is in her wrist, forearm, and elbow. The tingling is in her thumb and index finger. She says it's been going on for about 4 weeks, and getting worse. It frequently wakes her up at night... Pain in the forearm 04 A 25 year-old woman presents complaining of pain and tingling in her right arm. The pain is in her wrist, forearm, and elbow. The tingling is in her thumb and index finger. She says it's been going on for about 4 weeks, and getting worse. It frequently wakes her up at night... Pain in the forearm 02 A 25 year-old woman presents complaining of pain and tingling in her right arm. The pain is in her wrist, forearm, and elbow. The tingling is in her thumb and index finger. She says it's been going on for about 4 weeks, and getting worse. It frequently wakes her up at night... Pain in the forearm 01 A 25 year-old woman presents complaining of pain and tingling in her right arm. The pain is in her wrist, forearm, and elbow. The tingling is in her thumb and index finger. She says it's been going on for about 4 weeks, and getting worse. It frequently wakes her up at night... Pain in the forearm 03 A 25 year-old woman presents complaining of pain and tingling in her right arm. The pain is in her wrist, forearm, and elbow. The tingling is in her thumb and index finger. She says it's been going on for about 4 weeks, and getting worse. It frequently wakes her up at night... Myelin 10 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen This is an axial section of gross brain through the pons. The lesion shown in this image is associated with which of the following clinical scenarios Basic Stains 01 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen The image above shows a slice of brain from a person who had encephalitis caused by Candida. The tissue is stained with periodic acid Schiff (PAS) stain. Which of the following does PAS stain for Neuromuscular 10 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen What does this biopsy specimen show Infections 05 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen The appearance of these cells is diagnostic of infection with which of the following viruses Neuromuscular 04 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen These strongly NADH-TR positive structures may be seen in which of the following conditions Neuromuscular 05 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen The histopathologic features seen within this trichrome stained muscle biopsy may be seen in all of the following conditions, EXCEPT: Neurodegen 08 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen The abnormalities present in this coronal section are most consistent with which of the following diseases Neuromuscular 09 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen Diseases characterized by these ultrastructural features on muscle biopsy may show all of the following, EXCEPT: NeurOnc 07 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen The most common location for this tumor is: Myelin 09 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen The best diagnosis for this lesion is Neurodegen 06 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen This Huntington disease patient was most likely... Neuromuscular 08 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen The concentric structures seen within this nerve biopsy indicate: Neurodegen 09 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen These cytoplasmic inclusions would be expected to react with all of the following, EXCEPT: Neurodegen 07 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen This tau negative, ubiquitin stained section of dentate gyrus suggests that, in addition to dementia, this patient may have manifest which of the following signs Neurodegen 04 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen These anterior horn cells from this 63 year old who died with ALS contain which of the following proteins Neurodegen 05 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen This transverse section of spinal cord came from a patient with Neurodegen 03 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen In the most common genetic form of late-onset familial Parkinson disease (LRRK2 G1920s), these alpha-synuclein positive structures are seen first in which of the following locations Neurocutaneous 09 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen This infant was born with a large cutaneous pigmented lesion, and these grayish macules in his meninges. Which of the following malformations is most likely to also be found in his brain Neurocutaneous 08 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen This is the most common nervous system tumor in which of the following syndromes Neurocutaneous 07 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen This tumor was removed from the cerebellum of a 26 year old woman. There is no family history of similar problems. The most cost effective next step in her evaluation would be Neurocutaneous 06 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen This epileptogenic lesion may also be encountered as an asymptomatic finding in which of the following diseases Neurocutaneous 05 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen This 4 year old boy, noted to have multiple skin lesions, may have a germline mutation in which of the following genes Neurocutaneous 04 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen While removing this tumor from the spinal cord of a 8 year old boy, the surgeon reported encountering several gritty meningeal lesions, each less than a mm in diameter. The most likely diagnosis for this child is Neurocutaneous Syndromes 07 The parents of the Infant Marguerite Therese (shown in the image above) have brought her to your clinic because she suffers from frequent seizures, which affect only the right side of her body. They are wondering if Marguerite Therese is likely to eventually pass this disorder on to her children... Malformations 06 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen Chiari type Neurocutaneous 03 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen All of the following may be seen in association with the histopathologic features pictures here, EXCEPT: Malformations 09 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen This cyst on the surface of the ventral pons is remnant of which of the following Malformations 07 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen The usual presentation of this malformation syndrome is Malformations 05 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen This female infant was born with hydrocephalus, encephalocele, and retinal dysplasia. The best diagnosis is Malformations 04 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen This abnormality may be associated with trisomy of which of the following chromosomes Malformations 03 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen This boy suffered from infantile spasms and mental retardation. In addition to the defect pictured here, the brain showed cerebral heterotopias. The best diagnosis is Myelin 08 Though not pathognomonic, this cell is characteristically seen in which of the following processes Myelin 07 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen This form of leukoencephalopathy is most closely associated with which of the following agents Myelin 06 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen Along with Canavan disease, this metabolic disorder may be distinguished clinically from other leukodystrophies based on which of the following features Myelin 05 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen This 12 year old boy was normal until age 3, when he developed progressive ataxia and spasticity. MRI demonstrated diffuse cavitation of cerebral white matter with high signal intensity in cerebellar and brainstem white matter... Myelin 04 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen This 42 year old male experienced sudden onset of fever, neck stiffness, and seizures. He became comatose and died 3 days later. The best diagnosis is: Myelin 03 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen The large cells within the photograph result from: NeurOnc 09 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen This sellar lesion most likely came from a/an: NeurOnc 06 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen This specimen came from a patient with which of the following diseases NeurOnc 05 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen This histologic appearance is consistent with all of the follAowing, EXCEPT NeurOnc 04 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen The most common location for this tumor is: Neuromuscular 07 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen This 4 year old boy with polymicrogyria showed mutation in which of the following proteins Neuromuscular 06 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen This NADH-TR stained muscle shows features most consistent with: Infections 08 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen The best diagnosis for this myelin stained section is Infections 07 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen This organism is the most common cause of Infections 06 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen This patient is likely to have engaged in which of the following activities neurocutaneous 03 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen This tumor is most closely associated with which of the following syndromes Infections 04 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen The most likely etiology for these lesions in this AIDS patient Infections 09 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen Which of the following cell types is primarily infected in this viral infection Motor Neuron Disorders 01 Which of the following statements is true about primary lateral sclerosis Infections 03 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen Cerebral infection by this organism is most closely associated with which of the following conditions NeurOnc 03 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen The most common location for this neoplasm is: Myelin 02 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen In the absence of inflammation, this pattern on myelin loss is characteristic of which of the following Myelin 01 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen The brown staining cells in this active demyelinating plaque are Infections 02 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen Cowdry B inclusions, similar to those shown here, were initially felt to be diagnostic of which of the following Neurodegen 02 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen This pattern of spinal cord damage is most consistent with which of the following diseases Neurodegen 01 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen The pathologic abnormalities shown here are associated with which of the following mutations Inclusionology 02 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen This intracytoplasmic inclusion may be seen in all of the following diseases, EXCEPT: Malformations 02 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen This appearance may be seen in all of the following conditions, EXCEPT: Malformations 01 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen Which of the following gene mutations is most closely associated with this neuronal migration disorder Neuromuscular 03 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen This 42-year old former all-American quarterback comes in complaining of slowly progressive lower extremity weakness which began just after he got married 15 years ago. Which of the following diagnoses is most likely correct Neuromuscular 02 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen Patients with this pattern of staining on NADH(TR) are at increased risk for: Neuromuscular 01 Ultrastructurally, these cytoplasmic inclusions most closely resemble: NeurOnc 02 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen This pattern of tumor spread is most characteristic of which of the following tumors NeurOnc 01 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen All of the following statements regarding this tumor are true EXCEPT: Gliomas 01 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen Which of the following molecular alterations is most commonly seen in this neoplasm Inclusionology 01 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen Which of the following proteins is present in greatest abundance in this cytoplasmic inclusion Neurocutaneous 02 Which of the following neurocutaneous syndromes is most closely associated with this neoplasm Infections 01 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen Which of the following fungal organisms is most likely to result in this gross appearance Neurocutaneous 01 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen Which of the following neurocutaneous syndromes is most closely associated with this neoplasm Normal Neuropil 02 The image above shows a section of normal neuropil, prepared with an H&E stain. What are the structures circled in green Adult Brain Tumor Pathology 01 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen A 50 year old woman presents with slowly worsening seizures over 9 months. Imaging of the head reveals a mass lesion. The lesion is surgically resected, and an H&E preparation of the tumor is shown in the image above.What kind of tumor is this Normal Neuropil 01 The image above shows a section of normal neuropil, prepared with an H&E stain. What are the structures circled in blue Upward Gaze A 72 year old man presents with a month history of progressive difficulty in upward gaze and was found on exam mid-dilated mildly reactive pupils, and convergence-retraction nystagmus. Where is the lesion Intraneuronal Inclusions 01 In the image above, note the structure indicated by the unnecessarily large green arrow. What substance is the primary constituent of this structure Myasthenia Gravis 01 Can a medication cause myasthenia gravis in a patient who does not have myasthenia gravis Malignant Hyperthermia and Myopathy 01 A patient with a congenital myopathy has developed malignant hyperthermia after anesthesia. Of the following choices, which type of congenital myopathy is most likely to be the one that this patient has The Tricky Pills! A 32-year-old woman visits the neurologist's office because of developing many seizures. She was diagnosed with primary generalized tonic-clonic fits, 10 years ago for which she takes lamotrigine tablets, 200 mg a day. She says that her fits were well-controlled,... Lysosomal Storage Diseases 02 MPS I is also known as: The Plaque Thing! A 24-year-old woman has been diagnosed with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis 2 years ago, for which she takes interferon beta 1a injections. During the past year, she had 5 relapses, 3 of them had necessitated the use of steroid infusions. Examination... Genes and Chromosomes 01 The gene that codes for Huntingtin is associated with Huntington disease. On which chromosome is this gene found Wilson's! A 6-year-old male has been referred to you for further evaluation of a possible Wilson's disease because of dystonic gait and limbs. History taking and thorough physical examination are carried out by you and you think that Wilson's disease is not the correct diagnosis in this child... The Plaque, Again! A 27-year-old woman is referred to you as a newly diagnosed case of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. However, after a thorough examination, you disagree with the referring physician. What have you found Acanthocytes 02 A patient presents with steatorrhea, ataxia, and neuropathy. Acanthocytes are found on his blood smear. This is most consistent with which one of the following diagnoses Upper extremity muscle function and innervation 04 During a needle EMG of the upper extremity, you notice a large number of fibrillations in the pronator teres muscle while the patient is at rest. From this, you deduce that the patient has a lesion. Of the following options, which lesion is most compatible with the EMG findings Upper extremity muscle function and innervation 04 During a needle EMG of the upper extremity, you notice a large number of fibrillations in the pronator teres muscle while the patient is at rest. From this, you deduce that the patient has a lesion. Of the following options, which lesion is most compatible with the EMG findings Acanthocytes 01 A patient presents with dystonia. Acanthocytes are found on her blood smear. This is most consistent with which one of the following diagnoses Type I Muscle Fibers Which of the following statements about type I muscle fibers is most accurate Another Arnold! A child has been referred to you as having Arnold-Chiari malformation type II. The presence of which one of the following would suggest type I, not type II malformation Arnold! You are discussing a case of Arnold-Chiari malformation in a 40-year-old man with your interns. One of them is asking about the possible defects that can affect the skull and dura in this patient. What would you tell him Large Spaces! You are reviewing the brain MRI of a 61-year-old man with vague personality changes and abnormal gait. You see dilated ventricular system and your intern thinks that this is compensatory to global brain atrophy. However, you have detected something that indicates... A Silence! You are doing an EMG for a 7-year-old male with progressive proximal weakness and waddling gait and greatly raised serum CPK. The EMG needle is inserted into the left calf, but no insertional activity is being recorded; what is the likely explanation of this observation Cephalgia! A 21-year-old woman presents with headache. Her headache is generalized, present most of the day and most of the year, and for the last 2 years. It is poorly responsive to indomethacine but responds well to amitriptyline. The cranials are intact, but you have... The Fundus, Again! A 41-year-old man has been referred by his GP as difficult-to-manage headache for the past 2 years. His GP says I’m concerned about his fundal appearance. Examination is totally unremarkable but his fundoscopy shows 2 left-sided whitish patches with black... A Spurious Vision! A 16-year-old high school boy is referred from the cardiology clinic. He says I have progressive drooping of my upper lids but I’m not bothered by this and I have no problems with doing my assignments, although my hearing is not that good. Examination shows... I'm Weak, but Why? A 32-year-old woman presents with painless fatigable weakness and bilateral partial ptoses. Her deep tendon reflexes are intact, as is her sensory system. She a refugee from Somalia and her English is very poor in spite of being in the States for the past 4 years... Failed Vision! A 27-year-old woman presents with progressive visual failure on the right side over a matter of 4 days. She was reasonably well and healthy and did not do drugs. Her bloods and urine are unremarkable. Examination reveals right-sided visual acuity of finger... Disulfiram 01 What is the mechanism of action of disulfiram Demyelinating Diseases 02 Which of the following genes is associated with an increased risk of developing multiple sclerosis Autonomic Anatomy 03 Which one of the following locations contains cell bodies of sypmathetic preganglionic efferents Autonomic Anatomy 02 As a result of a complete misunderstanding, a devil-worshipping blackbird stylist lesions your intermediolateral cell column bilaterally from C8 down to L2.After this, you suffer from loss of which of the following functions Metallic Psychosis A 17-year-old high school girl has been referred from the psychiatry department as a difficult-to-manage case of affective psychosis. She is on chlorpromazine for the past 3 months. Examination reveals resting tremor, rigidity, and dysarthria. Her work-up shows ALT 61 iu/L, total serum bilirubin 2... Neuro-Medicine... A 19-year-old man presents with bilateral resting tremor. He has blue lunulae and sun-flower cataract. Which one of the following is not an expected finding in this man A Fit with Difficult Choice! A 12-year-old male has been recently diagnosed with idiopathic grand mal epilepsy and his neurologist is about to prescribe an anti-epileptic for him. He is healthy-looking, with a BMI of 35 Kg/m2, normotensive, and has a normal mentation. He denies doing drugs and his family history is unremarkable... Again, the Pills! A 32-year-old woman visits the neurologist's office because of having many seizures during the past week. She takes daily lamotrigine 300 mg for the last 3 years for idiopathic grand mal epilepsy. She says that she was seizure-free. She is compliant with her medication and denies doing drugs... A Non-Alcoholic Veering! A 16-year-old male has been referred to the neurology outpatient clinic because of recurrent loss of consciousness. He has reeling gait, lost ankles, and up-planters with pes cavus. His speech is dysarthric. Which one of the following is consistent with the diagnosis of Friedreich's ataxia Loss of the Blanket! You are investigating a young female with a suspected multiple sclerosis (MS), and CSF analysis is one of your lab tests. Your intern suggests looking for an elevated level of CSF myelin basic protein (MBP). How would you respond to him An Oligo...! You are discussing the implications of CSF oligoclonal bands in various disease states and your colleague is referring to a disease that results in almost 100% detection of CSF oligoclonal bands. Which disease does your colleague mean Running Out of Protein! After performing a lumbar puncture for an inpatient, the lab calls you to tell you that the protein content of the CSF sample is 13 mg/dl. Your intern is astonished and asks why All, but one, of the following can result in this CSF protein value Out of Pressure! A 32-year-old man presents with headache. His brain CT scan is normal-looking but his lumbar puncture reveals opening pressure of 3 cm H2O. Which one of the following can not be a cause of this man's abnormal opening pressure Self-Mutilation 01 Of the following choices, which one disorder is not associated with self-mutilation Ascending Weakness 01 A 19 year-old, previously healthy police officer presents with a 4 day history of worsening ascending weakness, which began shortly after he started complaining of severe abdominal pain. On exam, he is delirious. The cranial nerves appear intact. He has diffuse, symmetric weakness... A Flaccid Body! A 21-year-old college student is brought to the ER short of breath 2 days after having difficulty walking which started 4 days ago. The patient is dyspneic but fully conscious.Examination reveals flaccid areflexic quadriparesis of grade 2, proximal and distal, with normal sensation... Release my hand, please! A 26-year-old man visits the physician's office with excessive day time sleepiness. His face is long, thin, and has bilateral ptoses without frontalis overaction but there no is ocular weakness. He is wearing a wig. Which one of the following is inconsistent with the diagnosis of myotonia dystrophica Shake your hand at rest! A middle-aged woman visits the movement disorder clinic because of hand instability. You have detected tremor but you are not sure whether this is due to Parkinson's disease or due to essential tremor. Which one of the following is suggestive of Parkinson's disease A Metallic Brain! A 19-year-old male presents with shaky hands. He has bilateral resting tremor with intentional component as well as dysarthria. His urine is positive for sugar but his random blood sugar never exceeds 100 mg/dl. What is the likely diagnosis this man has A Ball in the Brain! A 57-year-old woman presents with vague personality changes. Her neurological examination is non-focal but her brain MRI is suggestive of a frontal lobe meningioma, semirounded, and is 3 by 4 cm in maximum diameter. The report adds with underlying brain edema... A Palpable Cord! Your internal medicine colleague has referred a case of peripheral neuropathy to you. His referral states that there are some palpable nerves. Which one of the following is not on your differential diagnosis list A Hidden Bomb! A 56-year-old woman is brought to the ER drowsy. Her husband says that the patient developed sudden severe occipital headache which is followed by this drowsiness. Non-contrast brain CT scan reveals blood in the basal cisterns. Next day, her conventional 4-vessel... A Stroke on the Head! A 65-year-old man with long-standing hypertension and type II diabetes presents with left arm pyramidal weakness of grade 4 minus over the past 2 hours. Examination does not uncover any language or sensory problems. His non-contrast brain CT scan is unremarkable... Special Muscle Receptors 01 A 79 year-old houseplant canner presents to your clinic for evaluation of anxiety. During your exam, you bang on his knee with a hammer. Which of the following statements most accurately describes the afferent limb of the reflex arc you are trying to elicit GABA 01 From which of the following is GABA synthesized Epinephrine 01 From which of the following is epinephrine synthesized Norepinephrine 01 From which of the following is norepinephrine synthesized Dopamine 01 From which of the following is dopamine synthesized Serotonin 01 From which of the following is serotonin synthesized Cholinergic and Anticholinergic agents 01 Because someone told him to do it, a 32 year-old fisherman ingested insanely huge quantities of scopolomine. Which of the following findings will he not have as a result of taking this drug Bad Seafood 01 A 27 year-old attorney is in excellent health, until he pops into a local seafood restaurant and eats truckloads of seafood. Then he develops an acute neuropathy. Which of the following substances is most likely responsible for in this man's illness Refsum Disease 01 Which of the following statements about Refsum disease is most accurate Agents that Affect Cholinergic Synapses - Super Quiz 01 Which of the following statements is most accurate Hormones and Neurotransmitters and Stuff 02 Which of the following substances is considered a catecholamine neurotransmitter Optic Pathway Gliomas 01 Regarding the tumor seen in this image, which of the following statements is most accurate Diffuse (Fibrillary) Astrocytomas 01 Which of the following statements about diffuse (fibrillary) astrocytomas is most accurate GQ1B Antibodies The presence of GQ1B antibodies is associated with which of the following Friedreich Ataxia 01 Which of the following statements about Friedreich Ataxia is most accurate Treatment of Guillain-Barre Syndrome 01 A patient presents with a 3 day history of worsening symmetric weakness. He states that the weakness began in the lower extremities, and now involves the upper extremities as well. Exam is normal except for notably decreased strength throughout, and absent reflexes... Brain Anatomy 02 The arcuate fasciculus connects which of the following areas Skull Foramina 01 CN V-2 passes through which one of the following structures Lysosomal Storage Diseases 01 There is a deficiency in the expression or activity of a-d glucosidase in which of the following disorders Fabry Disease 01 Which of the following statements about Fabry disease is most accurate Skull Foramina 02 The cribiform plate contains which of the following nerves Copy of Genetics of ALS 01 Regarding amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), roughly what percentage of cases are familial Copy of Bulbar Signs and Symptoms 01 A patient presents with dysphagia and dysarthria. The tongue shows atrophy and fasciculations. Sensation and gag are intact. The jaw-jerk reflex is very brisk. Of the following, which is the best description of these findings Bulbar Signs and Symptoms 01 A patient presents with dysphagia and dysarthria. The tongue shows atrophy and fasciculations. Sensation and gag are intact. The jaw-jerk reflex is very brisk. Of the following, which is the best description of these findings Genetics of ALS 01 Regarding amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), roughly what percentage of cases are familial Dysphagia as a presenting symptom 01 An adolescent presents with complaints of dysphagia and dysarthria. The patient's father uncle reportedly has a history of muscle weakness that began similarly. On exam, there is wasting of the tongue, with fasciculations. The remainder of the exam is normal... Spinal Muscular Atrophy Eponyms Which of the following statements is accurate Werdnig-Hoffman Disease Which of the following statements about Werdnig-Hoffman disease is most accurate Brain anatomy 01 In the section of gross brain shown above, what is the name of the structure indicated by the unnecessarily large green arrow Intracerebral white matter tracts 02 Whoa, dude! What is that structure Cerebrovascular Anatomy 09 Which of the following structures does the anterior choroidal artery supply Toxicity and Characteristic Pathology 02 Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen A 25 year old woman in previously good health is found at home, comatose and with bright red skin. After a few days in the ICU, the patient expires. An autopsy is performed. The brain is shown in the image above. What was the cause of death Neurologic Sequellae of Nutritional Deficiencies 03 A 48 year-old man presents with worsening confusion, ataxia, nystagmus, and ophthalmoparesis. An MRI of his brain is obtained, and is shown above.Appropriate treatment requires IV administration of which of following Lower extremity muscle function and innervation 07 Which of the following nerves is involved in bringing innervation to the peroneus brevis A patient with cognitive and movement complaints 02 A 44 year-old male presents to your office accompanied by a family member, who helps provide the history. The patient has had a 2 year history of worsening neurologic and psychiatric issues, including memory problems and odd movements and uncharacteristic aggressive behavior... Lower extremity muscle function and innervation 08 Which of the following muscles is innervated by peroneal fibers in the sciatic nerve Lower extremity muscle function and innervation 06 The anterior divisions of the anterior rami of the L2-L3-L4 roots join to form which of the following nerves Lower extremity muscle function and innervation 05 The posterior divisions of the anterior rami of the L2-L3-L4 roots join to form which of the following nerves Tomaculae Tomaculae are characteristic of which of the following disorders Roots of the brachial plexus and the muscles they innervate 01 Which of the following roots provide innervation to the flexor digitorum profundus to digit 2 Nerves arising from the brachial plexus and the muscles they innervate 01 The deltoid is innervated by which of the following nerves Cords of the brachial plexus and the muscles they innervate 01 The extensor carpi ulnaris muscle is innervated by which of the following cords of the brachial plexus Trunks of the brachial plexus and the muscles they innervate 01 The extensor pollicis longus muscle is innervated by which of the following trunks of the brachial plexus Upper extremity muscle function and innervation 03 During a needle EMG of the upper extremity, you notice a large number of fibrillations in the first dorsal interosseous muscle while the patient is at rest. From this, you deduce that the patient has a lesion. Of the following options, which lesion is most compatible with the EMG findings Upper extremity muscle function and innervation 03 During a needle EMG of the upper extremity, you notice a large number of fibrillations in the first dorsal interosseous muscle while the patient is at rest. From this, you deduce that the patient has a lesion. Of the following options, which lesion is most compatible with the EMG findings Upper extremity muscle function and innervation 02 During a needle EMG, you notice a large number of fibrillations in the abductor pollicis brevis muscle while the patient is at rest. From this, you deduce that the patient has a lesion. Of the following options, which lesion is most compatible with the EMG findings Upper extremity muscle function and innervation 02 During a needle EMG, you notice a large number of fibrillations in the abductor pollicis brevis muscle while the patient is at rest. From this, you deduce that the patient has a lesion. Of the following options, which lesion is most compatible with the EMG findings Upper extremity muscle function and innervation 01 Of the following choices, which muscle receives the most proximal innervation from the median nerve Upper extremity muscle function and innervation 01 Of the following choices, which muscle receives the most proximal innervation from the median nerve Stroke Etiology 02 What percentage of strokes are considered cryptogenic paroxysmal spells 01 A 28 man in otherwise good health is standing, speaking with his girlfriend. In response to a humorous statement, he begins laughing hysterically. Suddenly, he collapses to the ground. He remains awake and alert, but is very weak for several seconds. The most accurate term for this phenomenon is: Stroke etiology 01 Which of the following statements about stroke etiology is most accurate Headache 01 A 39 year-old female presents to your office complaining of a 4 month history of persistent headache. She states the pain is always present but having a variable severity, sometimes barely noticeable and at other times moderate. When the pain is at its worst, she experiences miosis and sweating... Chiari Malformations 03 An adult patient presents to your clinic. Because of symptoms he describes, you obtain the MRI shown above. Which of the following symptoms were most likely among this patient's complaints Chiari Malformations 02 Which one answer below most correctly describes what is seen in the image above Autonomic Anatomy 01 Which of the following cranial nerves carry parasympathetic fibers Migraine Without Aura Diagnostic Criteria Which of the following is NOT one of the diagnostic criteria for Migraine without Aura according to the International Classification of headache Disorders, Second Edition Pathogens in Bacterial Meningitis A 25 year-old immunocompetent female presents with bacterial meningitis. Of the following options, which is the most likely pathogen Pediatric Epilepsy Syndromes 11 A 9 year-old girl presents to your office accompanied by her parents. The parents state that on 3 occasions over the past several months, the girl has come into their room in the early morning, drooling and having difficulty talking, with a slight facial droop... Pediatric Epilepsy Syndromes 10 A 6 year-old girl presents to your office accompanied by her parents. The parents state that on 4 occasions over the past several months, the girl has come into their room in the early morning, drooling and having difficulty talking, with a slight facial droop... Pediatric Epilepsy Syndromes 09 An 8 year-old girl presents to your office accompanied by her parents. The parents state that on 2 occasions over the past several months, the girl has come into their room in the early morning, drooling and having difficulty talking, with a slight facial droop... Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome 01 Which of the following statements about Sjögren-Larsson syndrome are true Copy of Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome 01 Which of the following statements about Sjögren-Larsson syndrome are true Pediatric Brain Tumor Pathology 01 A developmentally delayed 4 year-old male presents with several months of worsening seizures and headaches. A head CT reveals a large mass with areas of calcification. The mass is removed surgically. The image above shows an H&E stain of a section taken from the mass... Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathies 02 You examine a child with diminished ankle reflexes, pes cavus, scoliosis, wasting of the calf muscles, and weakness. On nerve conduction study, you find severe slowing of the conduction velocity. Several of the patient's relatives have had similar symptoms,... Neuroanatomic correlates of stroke-related myocardial injury Myocardial infarction after a stroke, occurring without any apparent primary cardiac cause: Intracerebral white matter tracts 01 The ansa lenticularis: Neuroblastoma 01 A 2 year-old boy presents with worsening fever, irritability, and weight loss. There is a palpable abdominal mass on exam. Imaging shows a large mass arising from the adrenal gland. Which of the following paraneoplastic disorders is most classically associated with this type of tumor Chiari Malformations 01 Which one of the following statements about Chiari malformations is most accurate Brown-Séquard Syndrome 02 For unclear reasons, a maniacal grizzly bear impersonator accidentally cuts through the entire right half of your spinal cord at the T3 level. You will now have which of the following deficits below the level of the lesion Brown-Séquard Syndrome 01 For unclear reasons, a deranged surgeon skillfully lesions through the entire left half of your spinal cord at the T4 level. You will now have which of the following deficits below the level of the lesion Posterior Interosseous Nerve 01 Which of the following statements about the posterior interosseous nerve is most accurate Anterior Interosseous Nerve 01 Which of the following statements about the anterior interosseous nerve is most accurate Cortex Lesions 01 A deranged mad scientist hacks out portions of your right cerebral cortex, specifically, your posterior superior temporal sulcus and dorsolateral Frontal Cortex. You will now have which of the following deficits Cranial Nerves 01 Which of the following nerves emerges as a branch off of CN VII at the geniculate ganglion Sensory innervation of the upper extremity 04 During a neurologic exam, you apply pressure to a patient's 5th finger, and he tells you that he is able to feel it normally. In general, this suggests that which of the following peripheral structures are intact Sensory innervation of the upper extremity 03 During a neurologic exam, you apply pressure to a patient's middle finger, and he tells you that he is able to feel it normally. In general, this suggests that which of the following peripheral structures are intact Sensory innervation of the upper extremity 02 During a neurologic exam, you apply pressure to a patient's thumb nail bed, and he tells you that he is able to feel it normally. In general, this suggests that which of the following peripheral structures are intact Cranial Neuropathies 01 Which of the following is the most common cause of unilateral cranial nerve XII palsy Entrapment Neuropathies 02 A 71 year-old man presents with numbness and tingling of the 4th and 5th fingers of the right hand, and some weakness of the same hand. The symptoms have been growing slowly worse over the past few months. On exam, there is loss of sensation in these fingers, and on the medial aspect of the hand... Entrapment Neuropathies 01 What is the most common entrapment neuropathy Hypertensive hemorrhage Where are hypertensive cerebral hemorrhages most likely to occur Hemorrhage after IV tPA for Acute Stroke A 56 year-old man has the sudden onset of facial droop, left gaze deviation, right-sided weakness, and global aphasia. This is witnessed by his mistress, who accompanies him to the emergency department, where he arrives less than 20 minutes after the onset of symptoms... Paraneoplastic Syndromes 02 Several antibodies are associated with paraneoplastic syndromes, and with characteristic neoplasms. Which of the following antibodies is not typically associated with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) Paraneoplastic Syndromes 01 Of the following antibodies, which is most commonly associated with paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis A patient with cognitive and movement complaints 01 A 42 year-old female presents to your office accompanied by a family member, who helps provide the history. The patient has had a 2 year history of worsening psychiatric and neurologic issues, including memory problems and odd movements and uncharacteristic apathy... Antidepressant side effects 01 A patient you see in clinic is suffering from major depression. You start him on an antidepressant. A week later, you receive a panic-stricken phone call from him. He complains that he has a painful erection that has persisted for the last 24 hours. Of... Interactions of AEDs 01 You have a patient with epilepsy. He is already on one antiepileptic agent, and you are about to add lamotrigine. Which of the following statements about the interactions of lamotrigine and other medications are true Lamotrigine rash You are starting a patient on lamotrigine for seizures. While you are discussing side effects, she states that she has heard that a serious rash is a common side effect of this drug, and asks you about it. Which of the following statements would be most appropriate to tell her Neuromuscular Disorders 01 The Gomori trichrome stained muscle biopsy shown above is most consistent with which of the following disorders Muscle Fiber Histology 02 This photomicrograph shows a cytochrome C oxidase stain of skeletal muscle. In normal muscle, which of the following statements is true about the fibers that stain DARKER with cytochrome C oxidase Muscle Fiber Histology 01 This photomicrograph shows a cytochrome C oxidase stain of skeletal muscle. In this type of stain: Adverse effects of AEDs 13 Which of the following is a hallmark side effect of zonisamide Adverse effects of AEDs 12 Which of the following is a hallmark side effect of vigabatrin Adverse effects of AEDs 11 Which of the following is a hallmark side effect of tiagabine Adverse effects of AEDs 10 Which of the following is a hallmark side effect of topiramate Adverse effects of AEDs 08 Which of the following is a hallmark side effect of felbamate Adverse effects of AEDs 09 Which of the following is a hallmark side effect of gabapentin Adverse effects of AEDs 05 Which of the following is a hallmark side effect of oxcarbazepine Adverse effects of AEDs 06 Which of the following is a hallmark side effect of benzodiazepines Adverse effects of AEDs 07 Which of the following is a hallmark side effect of valproate Adverse effects of AEDs 03 Which of the following is a hallmark side effect of ethosuximide Adverse effects of AEDs 04 Which of the following is a hallmark side effect of carbamazepine Adverse effects of AEDs 02 Which of the following is a hallmark side effect of barbiturates Adverse effects of AEDs 01 Which of the following is a hallmark side effect of phenytoin Adverse effects of AEDs 14 Which of the following is a hallmark side effect of zonisamide Neurooncology 02 A 59 year-old man presents to the emergency department with new onset of seizures. MRI is suggestive of a mass lesion. A biopsy is performed, and a photomicrograph of the tissue obtained is shown above. Of the following, which is the most likely diagnosis Basic Neuropathology 05 This is a photomicrograph of a brain biopsy stained with H&E. What is the abnormal finding in this slide Basic Neuropathology 04 This is a photomicrograph of a brain biopsy stained with H&E. What are the abnormal structures shown in this slide called Leukodystrophies 01 During the workup of a child with a developmental delay, you obtain the above MRI. This image is most consistent with which of the following diagnoses Pathology of primary CNS angiitis Which of the following pathological findings is most characteristic of primary angiitis of the CNS Pathology of giant cell arteritis Which of the following pathological findings is most characteristic of giant cell arteritis Pathology of polyarteritis nodosa Which of the following pathological findings is most characteristic of polyarteritis nodosa Pathology of CADASIL Which of the following pathological findings is most characteristic of CADASIL Vascular Malformations 05 Which of the following statements about the type of lesion seen in this photomicrograph is most accurate Vascular Malformations 06 Which of the following statements about the type of lesion seen in this photomicrograph is most accurate Myopathies 04 The image above shows an electron micrograph of a skeletal muscle biopsy. Which of the following statements about this condition is most accurate Inborn Errors of Metabolism 04 A 6 month old child is admitted to the hospital with sepsis. The pediatric resident notices a seizure, and calls a neurology consult. The patient's father states that the patient's birth was normal except for hypothermia. Over the ensuing months,... Toxicity and Characteristic Pathology 01 A 23 year old man in previously good health is found at home, comatose and with bright red skin. After a few days in the ICU, the patient expires. Carbon monoxide poisoning is the suspected cause of death. On autopsy, what findings in the brain can you expect to see Vascular Malformations 04 Which of the following statements about the type of lesion seen in this photomicrograph is most accurate Subarachnoid Hemorrhage 02 Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons A 30 year old male is found down and brought by paramedics to the emergency departement. GCS is 7, and the patient is intubated for airway protection. The patient withdraws all extremities to painful stimuli. A stat head CT reveals the above abnormalities... Subarachnoid Hemorrhage 01 Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons A 55 year old female is found down and brought by paramedics to the emergency departement. GCS is 7, and the patient is intubated for airway protection. The patient withdraws all extremities to painful stimuli. A stat head CT reveals the above abnormalities... Basic Neuropathology 03 Loss of the cells shown in this image is associated with which of the following exam findings Basic Neuropathology 02 Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding the space indicated by the unnecessarily large red arrow in the image above Cerebral Ischemia 01 In cases of mild hypoxic injury, which of the following cells are most likely to be damaged Development of the Nervous System 02 Gyration of the brain continues until approximately which gestational week CSF 01 In an adult, how much CSF does the choroid plexus produce daily Basic Neuropathology 01 What are Creutzfeldt cells Cerebellar Microanatomy 03 An infarction which damages cells of the type indicated by the unnecessarily large red arrow will result in which of the following reactions Cerebellar Microanatomy 02 What kind of cell is indicated by the unnecessarily large red arrow in the picture above Cerebellar Microanatomy 01 What the heck are we looking at here Reactive Astrocytosis 01 Which of the following occur in reactive astrocytosis Alzheimer type II cells 01 Alzheimer type II cells are most closely associated with which of the following conditions Antiepileptic Medications 06 A patient with epilepsy is started on a new antiepileptic agent. On a follow-up visit, he is found to be hyponatremic. This side effect is most commonly associated with which of the following medications CSF and Seizures A 35 year old male presents is brought to the ED after a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. The seizure occurred about 2 hours ago. He remains lethargic and confused. Physical exam reveals an afebrile, healthy-appearing male with no focal neurologic findings... Cerebrovascular Disease 02 A 45 year old male presents with a sudden onset of left upper extremity weakness and numbness. Past medical hisotry is significant for migraines. His exam reveals only the above described weakness. His father and paternal grandmother also had migraines... EEG Frequency Band Definitions An EEG waveform with a frequency of 6 Hz would fit into which frequency band Cerebrovascular Anatomy 04 In the gadolinium bolus MRA shown above, what is the structure indicated by the great big arrow EEG electrode nomenclature Using the nomenclature of the 10-10 system, what is the name of the EEG electrode highlighted in red in this illustration Neurooncology Most Commons 01 Which of the following is the most common pediatric central nervous system glial neoplasm Neurooncology 01 Which of the following statements about intracranial tumors is most accurate Ceroid Lipofuscinoses 02 A child presents to your clinic with a history of cognitive and/or motor regression, epilepsy, and progressive blindness. Skin biopsy shows intracellular accumulations of material that autofluoresces with a yellow-green color.What is the inheritance pattern of this disorder Ceroid Lipofuscinoses 01 What are the cardinal features of ceroid lipofuscinosis Visual Evoked Potentials 01 Which of the following statements regarding visual evoked potentials (VEPs) are true Hypothalamic Functions 01 Which of the following areas is associated with regulation of sleep and secretion of hypocretin Hormones and Neurotransmitters and Stuff 01 Administration of orexin results in which of the following Narcolepsy 01 Narcolepsy is associated with a deficiency of which of the following substances Cerebrovascular Anatomy 08 In the angiogram shown above, what is the structure indicated by the great big red arrow Development of the Nervous System 01 When does the neural tube begin to form, and when does it close Fungal CNS Infections 02 A 35 year-old male billionaire playboy is brought into Gotham City emergency room by his butler and his young male live-in companion. The patient is stuporous and vomiting. The butler explains that the patient has had a several week history of slowly progressive... Fungal CNS Infections 01 Which of the following fungi is commonly seen primarily in the Ohio and Mississippi basins Cerebrovascular Anatomy 07 In the angiogram shown above, what is the structure indicated by the really big red arrow Cerebrovascular Anatomy 06 In the gadolinium bolus MRA shown above, what is the structure indicated by the unnecessarily large pointy red indicator thingy Cerebrovascular Anatomy 05 In the fluoroscopic study shown above, what is the structure indicated by the unnecessarily large red arrow Cerebrovascular Anatomy 03 Which of the following images shows the sigmoid sinus Cerebrovascular Anatomy 02 An occlusion of the indicated vessel would result in which of the following deficits EEG Patterns 03 This is an eeg from a 6 year-old girl who has a history of staring spells. The patient is hyperventilating during this portion of the recording. Based on this one page, which of the following statements about this EEG is most accurate Circadian Rhythm The circadian rhythm is controlled primarily by which of the following structures Pediatric Epilepsy Syndromes 08 A 13 year old girl presents after having a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. She has noticed that, when she brushes her teeth or combs her hair in the morning, she occasionally experiences a brief, involuntary jerk in her upper extremities. Past medical history is otherwise unremarkable... Pediatric Epilepsy Syndromes 07 A 16 year old girl presents after having a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. She has noticed that, when she brushes her teeth or combs her hair in the morning, she occasionally experiences a brief, involuntary jerk in her upper extremities. Past medical history is otherwise unremarkable... Pediatric Epilepsy Syndromes 05 A 9 year old girl presents to your office accompanied by her parents. The parents state that she has been having frequent staring spells. Past medical history is otherwise unremarkable. There is no family history of seizures. Exam is normal. You obtain an... Pediatric Epilepsy Syndromes 06 A 6 year old girl presents to your office. The parents state that the child has been having frequent staring spells. Past medical history is otherwise unremarkable. There is no family history of seizures. Exam is normal. You obtain an EEG, which shows... Pediatric Epilepsy Syndromes 04 An 8 year old girl presents to your office accompanied by her parents. The parents state that on 2 occasions over the last several months, the girl has come into their room in the early morning, drooling and having difficulty talking, with a slight droop on the right side of her face... Pediatric Epilepsy Syndromes 03 An 8 year old girl presents to your office accompanied by her parents. The parents state that on 2 occasions over the last several months, the girl has come into their room in the early morning, drooling and having difficulty talking, with a slight droop on the right side of her face... Pediatric Epilepsy Syndromes 02 What is the most common form of focal epilepsy in children Myopathies 03 What is the most common type of myopathy with onset after 50 years of age Myopathies 02 What is the most common type of myopathy diagnosed in adults Antiepileptic Medications 03 Which of the following antiepileptic medications is effective in the treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, but is associated with a relatively high risk for hepatotoxicity and aplastic anemia Antiepileptic Medications 05 A 3 year-old boy presents to your clinic for evaluation. He is developmentally delayed, and has had seizures for the past 2 years. Seizure types include generalized tonic-clinic, atonic, tonic, and absence. EEG shows 2 1/2 Hz spike and wave complexes while... Demyelinating Diseases 01 A 32 year-old female presents to your clinic for follow up after a recent hospitalization. She had been hospitalized for rapidly worsening bilateral lower extremity weakness and numbness. There had no history of trauma or recent illness. She reports... Antiepileptic Medications 04 Autoinduction is a significant issue for which of the following antiepileptic medications Antiepileptic Medications 02 Carbemazepine is indicated as monotherapy for which of the following seizure types Inborn Errors of Metabolism 03 A 15 year-old female presents with complaints of weakness and progressive difficulties with walking. Physical exam reveals hypotonia and absent patellar and achilles reflexes. An MRI is obtained, and is shown above.Of the following, which is the most likely diagnosis Mitochondrial Diseases 01 What does the acronym NARP stand for Pseudotumor Cerebri 02 A 30 year old, right-handed obese female presents with several weeks of worsening headache and blurred vision. Papilledema is seen on funduscopic exam. Imaging of the brain, including an MRV, shows no abnormalities.Which of the following medications that she takes is the most likely cause of her disease Neurologic Sequellae of Nutritional Deficiencies 02 The pathologic findings in this MRI are most likely related to a disease state resulting from a deficit of which nutrient Neurologic Sequellae of Nutritional Deficiencies 01 This MRI most likely comes from a patient with which of the following findings Stroke Syndromes Imaging 01 One day after after the onset of this patient's stroke symptoms, the above FLAIR MRI image was taken. Of the following choices, which syndrome is most likely to be found in this patient the scent of urine Which of the following statements regarding the scent of urine is FALSE Neurocutaneous Syndromes 06 This MRI is most consistent with which of the following diagnoses Neurocutaneous Syndromes 05 This MRI is most consistent with which of the following diagnoses Neurocutaneous Syndromes 04 The parents of the Infant Marguerite Therese (shown in the image above) are concerned because she has recently developed seizures. Of the following options, which is the most likely diagnosis Inborn Errors of Metabolism 02 Which of the following disorders is associated with cataracts Inborn Errors of Metabolism 01 The nurse taking care of a newborn is changing the infant's diaper when she notes that the urine smells like burnt sugar. You overhear this, and immediately begin a workup for which of the following disorders New onset epilepsy in an adult A 42-year old Hispanic male presents with recent onset of seizures. The seizures are described as focal with secondary generalization. He has no other complaints, and his past medical history is unremarkable. He has no family history of epilepsy. He drinks... Dementia 02 A 80 year-old male presents to your office accompanied by his daughter, who provides most of the history. The daughter states that for the past 5 years, the patient has been having progressively worsening memory problems, has been seeing people in the room... Guess the disease! GUESS WHAT I'M THINKING! I'm thinking of a variant of multiple sclerosis (MS), in which optic neuritis and transverse myelitis occur together, or at least within weeks of each other. The transverse myelitis frequently leads to necrosis, and is thus... Ataxia-Telangiectasia 01 Image courtesy of National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health A 10 year-old male presents with a history of grimacing, dysarthric speech, choreoathetosis, and ataxia of the limbs, which have been slowly progressing since early childhood. On exam,... Basal Ganglia 03 Hemiballism is associated with a lesion in which of the following locations Basal Ganglia 02 The basal ganglia send output signals to the thalamus. This is done primarily by which of the following nuclei Basal Ganglia 01 The basal ganglia receives cortical input primarily through which of the following nuclei Tilt Table Testing 01 Which of the following tilt table studies is most consistent with normal physiology Floppy Infant 01 A term infant is notably weak and hypotonic at birth. The child is a product of an unremarkable pregnancy and a normal vaginal delivery with no other complications. The mother, a 32-year old female, had regular prenatal visits. Her past medical history... Cerebrovascular Anatomy 1 This image shows: Comprehensive Neurological Workup A 28-year old right-handed man with no prior medical history visits the opthalmologist for followup after refractive surgery for unilateral astigmatism the previous month. A normal left fundus is visualized, but an incidental finding is made of a small foul-smelling... Liver, fava beans, and a fine chianti I ate his liver with fava beans and a fine chianti. - H. Lecter, M.D. Hannibal Lecter is cast in a Silence of the Lambs sitcom spinoff complaining of a severe headache, nausea, dizziness, and blurred vision. His skin is a dark yellow, although his sclera are anicteric... Absence Seizure Treatment An 8 year old female presents with staring spells 10-20 times per day for over 6 months. She has not had any motor seizures according to the family, and has no prior history of seizures. She has no other known medical problems, and has had normal intellectual development... Pediatric Epilepsy Syndromes 01 A 2 month old infant presents with tonic spasms and myoclonic seizures. EEG shows a burst-suppression pattern. Which of the following pediatric epilepsy syndromes does this patient have Tremor 02 The above patient presents to his neurologist complaining of a tremor which has slowly been worsening over the course of several years. He states the tremor is symmetric, and he notices it mostly in his hands. It is worse when he's trying to do something with his hand, like eating... Spinal Cord Anatomy 01 The T2 MRI above shows healthy spinal cord at the C6 level.Which of the following statements is most accurate about the area highlighted in red Inclusion Body Myositis 01 A 66 year-old right handed male presents with a 3-year history of worsening weakness. He complains of difficulty walking up stairs. Past medical history and family history are unremarkable. Exam is normal except for symmetric weakness in the quadriceps and finger flexors... Vascular Territories 01 The above is an MRI diffusion-weighted image of an acute infarct.Which of the following vessels is the one most likely to be occluded in this patient Vascular Malformations 03 Which of the following statements about the type of lesion seen in this photomicrograph is most accurate Vascular Malformations 02 Which of the following statements about the type of lesion seen in this photomicrograph is most accurate EEG Patterns 02 A 65 year-old right-handed male had an episode of sudden loss of consciousness about 1 month ago. He is now having an EEG as part of his workup. The sharply contoured waves circled in red represent: EEG patterns 01 This EEG shows someone who is: Pathology in Alzheimer dementia 01 Courtesy of National Institute of AgingThis pathology slide was obtained from an adult patient. Which of the following statements about this image is true Triphasic Waves on EEG Triphasic waves on EEG: Imaging in Congenital Neurologic Syndromes 01 This image shows a T1 MRI of the brain of a newborn. What is the most likely diagnosis Myopathies 01 Typical presentation of myopathy includes which of the following clinical findings Movement disorders and sleep Which of the following movement disorders is present (persists) during sleep Hereditary Neuropathy with Liability to Pressure Palsy 01 Which of the following statements about hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy (HNPP) is true Sensory innervation of the upper extremity A 515 year-old Renaissance man presents to your office, complaining of numbness in the region highlighted in red in the image below.Of the following options, which nerve has a sensory distribution that best matches the region illustrated Neurocutaneous Syndromes 03 Image (C) 2000-2005 Auckland District Health Board You are called to evaluate a newborn girl with unusual skin findings shown in the images above. The patient's mother suffers from seizures, mental retardation, and dental abnormalities. Which of the following... Time Course of EMG/NCS Findings Sadly, you suffer from anal warts. Your ghoulish surgeon recommends general anesthesia for a surgical resection of the warts. When you awaken, he proudly announces, Congratulations! I have successfully severed your T1 spinal nerve! You are kind of disgruntled... Motor nerve conduction study normal values You are performing a motor nerve conduction test on an adult. You are testing the tibial nerve, recording at the abductor hallucis brevis muscle. What is the normal value for the amplitude Cerebral blood flow 01 A 77 year-old potato salesperson presents is admitted to the neurosciences ICU after head trauma. Among other interventions, an arterial line and an intraventricular catheter are placed. If his mean arterial pressure is mmHg and his intracranial pressure... Sensory nerve conduction study normal values You are performing a sensory nerve conduction test on an adult. You are testing the radial nerve, recording at the snuffbox. Which of the following is the best choice for the distal peak latency the mechanisms of AED action Which of the following is most accurate regarding the mechanisms of AED action antiepileptic medications Which of the following statements regarding antiepileptic medications is FALSE common neurologic side effects of medications Which of the following statements regarding common neurologic side effects of medications is FALSE CNS tumor pathology Which of the following is most accurate regarding CNS tumor pathology Ataxia 01 A 40 year-old male of Portuguese ancestry presents with a 2 year history of progressive dysarthria, dysphagia, ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, gait difficulties, and exophtlamos. His father and paternal grandmother had similar symptoms, as does his brother. Imaging reveals the findings shown above... Lysosomal Storage Diseases 01 In Niemann-Pick disease type C, where is the genetic locus of the defective gene Developmental Milestones A woman brings her 14 month old boy into your clinic. The mother is concerned that the child may be developmentally delayed. He imitates scribbling and walks up steps while someone is holding his hand. The mother tells you that the child has a vocabulary of 6 words and feeds himself... Primitive Reflexes 1 Which one of the following statements sbout primitive reflexes is true neurogenetic syndromes Which of the following statements regarding neurogenetic syndromes is FALSE Vascular Malformations 01 Which of the following statements regarding vascular malformations is FALSE Tremor 01 A very old man is seen in clinic by his Neurologist. He complains of more than 2 years of worsening tremor. The tremor is worse in the right hand. It improves slightly when he uses the hand to perform a task. He has no cognitive symptoms. He drinks 5 40-oz beers every night... the frequency of tumors in different parts of the CNS Which of the following is most accurate regarding the frequency of tumors in different parts of the CNS the frequency of tumors in different parts of the CNS 2 Which of the following is most accurate regarding the frequency of tumors in different parts of the CNS metastatic CNS tumors Which of the following statements regarding metastatic CNS tumors is FALSE spinal segments innervating muscles of the lower extremity Which of the following is most accurate regarding spinal segments innervating muscles of the lower extremity Wallenberg Syndrome 1 A famous elderly, retired model presents to the E.R. She had no neurologic defecits prior to this morning, when she awoke to several new symptoms, the most concerning to her of which are changes in the way her face looks, as shown in the image above. She... lacunar stroke syndromes Which of the following statements regarding lacunar stroke syndromes is FALSE Lower extremity muscle function and innervation 4 Which motion would be most affected by a lesion of the superficial peroneal nerve Lower extremity muscle function and innervation 3 Which muscle or muscles would be most affected by a lesion of the obturator nerve Psychoses 01 A 23 year-old male spy is brought by ambulance to the emergency room. He is uncooperative, disheveled, and insists that Jesus wants him to convert all the civets to Scientology. He complains of hearing voices telling him to feed the jacanas. He states that he hates his life and wants to kill himself... Change in Mental Status A 76 year-old male hog psychiatrist with no significant past medical history is admitted to the general medicine service overnight because of painful bunions. Apart from tender feet, his initial exam was unremarkable. The next morning, Neurology is consulted to evaluate his change in mental status... Sensory tracts Which of the following aspects of sensation is carried by the Trigeminothalamic Tract Wrist Drop A 47 year-old male tomato grower presents with wrist and finger drop. He is able to extend his arm at the elbow. Abduction of the upper extremity at the shoulder is intact. He is able to weakly extend the wrist. When he does, the hand deviates radially. Flexion of the wrist is intact... Innervation of muscles of the upper extremity Which of the following muscles is innervated by the median nerve Lower extremity muscle function and innervation 2 Which muscle or muscles would be most affected by a lesion of the S1 and S2 spinal roots Lower extremity muscle function and innervation 1 Which movement would be most affected by a lesion of the L2 and L3 spinal roots Thalamic Nuclei 03 There are several nuclei in the thalamus, associated with different efferent targets. motor and premotor cortex receives output from which of the following thalamic nuclei Thalamic Nuclei 02 There are several nuclei in the thalamus, associated with different afferent sources. Which of the following structures provides input to the reticular nucleus of the thalamus Thalamic Nuclei 01 There are several nuclei in the thalamus, associated with different functions. A lesion in the ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus will affect which of the following functions nerves innervating the muscles of the upper extremity Which of the following statements regarding nerves innervating the muscles of the upper extremity is FALSE Muscles innervated by the radial nerve Which of the following muscles is innervated by the radial nerve Muscles innervated by the ulnar nerve Which of the following muscles is innervated by the ulnar nerve Spinal segments innervating muscles of the lower extremity 1 Which of the following spinal segments typically contributes to the innervation of the quadratus femoris muscle in the lower extremity Muscles innervated by the median nerve Which of the following muscles is innervated by the median nerve Motor tracts 1 Which of the following is a major function subserved by the Lateral Corticobulbar Tract Extraocular muscles A 72 year-old female zookeeper visits you in the Albuquerque Baloon Fiesta, complaining of diplopia. You note that most of the time that she is facing you and talking, she sits with her chin turned toward her right shoulder and her left eye adducted. Based... Spinal segments innervating muscles of the lower extremity 2 Regarding the muscles of the lower extremity, which of the following muscles typically receives innervation from the S2 spinal segment Peripheral nerves innervating muscles of the lower extremity Of the following choices, which ONE answer most accurately describes the nerve or nerves which most typically innervate Abductor hallucis Cerebrovascular Disease 01 A formerly healthy 77 year-old male presents with a 2-week history of worsening dyspnea and weakness. Exam reveals numerous ulcerating lesions in the nares and oral mucosa. There is a left facial palsy and a right abducens palsy. There is weakness in knee... Cortical Stroke Syndromes 01 A patient presents with a stroke. Physical exam reveals obvious blindness, but denies that he is blind. What is the name of this syndrome Pseudotumor Cerebri 01 Which of the following is NOT a characteristic finding of pseudotumor cerebri Cerebellar Anatomy 04 In the structure highlighted in red in the image above, parallel fibers arise from: Cerebellar Anatomy 03 Fibers in the inferior cerebellar peduncle are predominantly: Cerebellar Anatomy 02 The most abundant neurons in the human brain are: Cerebellar Anatomy 01 In the cerebellum, parallel fibers arise from: Pediatric EEGs 01 This is the EEG from a 10-year old patient in the ICU. He is intubated and unresponsive. What is the diagnosis Pediatric EEGs 02 This EEG was recorded from an awake pediatric patient. What clinical features is this child most likely to have Pediatric EEGs 03 This EEG, recorded from an awake pediatric patient, is most characteristic of which of the following diagnoses Major Depressive Episode 01 A person with a major depressive episode suffers from depressed mood or loss of interest in pleasure for a period of at least: Trinucleotide Repeat Diseases 01 Which of the following disorders is associated with a trinucleotide repeat expansion Pathology in Ischemic Stroke 03 A patient presents with an acute ischemic stroke and dies 6 months later. Of the following choices, which is most likely to be seen on pathological examination of the brain at autopsy Pathology in Ischemic Stroke 02 A patient presents with an acute ischemic stroke and dies 1 week later. Of the following choices, which is most likely to be seen on pathological examination of the brain at autopsy Pathology in Ischemic Stroke 01 A patient presents with an acute ischemic stroke and dies 18 hours after onset of symptoms. Of the following choices, which is most likely to be seen on pathology Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathies 01 You examine a child with pes cavus, diminished ankle reflexes, scoliosis, and weakness with wasting of the calf muscles. On nerve conduction study, you find severe slowing of the conduction velocity. Of the following, which of the following syndromes is the most appropriate diagnosis Kennedy's Disease Kennedy's Disease is a disorder that is: Neurocutaneous Syndromes 01 Which of the following is characteristically associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 Neurocutaneous Syndromes 02 Which of the following is characteristically associated with neurofibromatosis type 2 Neurogenetic Syndromes 02 A cherry-red spot on the macula is most typical of which of the following disorders Lower Extremity EMG 01 A patient presents with lower extremity weakness. Needle EMG study of the gastrocnemius and gluteus maximus reveals large, long, polyphasic motor unit action potentials. Needle EMG study of the vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, extensor digitorum longus and tibialis anterior are normal... Dementia 01 An 86 year old woman is brought to your office by her son, who is concerned that she is losing her memory. He states that she is constantly asking him questions that he has recently answered, and that she has difficulty remembering things that happened only minutes earlier... Neuron Action Potential Which of the following statements most accurately describes the two major ionic currents which occur during a neuron action potential Cardiofacial Syndrome 02 A concerned mother brings in her 3-day old daughter to your clinic for concerns of facial asymmetry. While the mother is holding the infant, you notice no abnormalities in her face. However, when you begin to examine the child, she begins to cry, producing a droop on the left side of the mouth... Cardiofacial Syndrome 01 A concerned mother brings in her 3-day old daughter to your clinic for concerns of facial asymmetry. While the mother is holding the infant, you notice no abnormalities in her face. However, when you begin to examine the child, she begins to cry, producing a droop on the left side of the mouth... Peripheral Neuropathy in Heavy Metal Exposure A patient presents with a history of several months of numbness in his fingers and toes. Prior workup, including folate, B12, homocysteine, MHATP, RPR, and hemoglobin A1C have been unremarkable. The patient states that he used to work for a manufacturing... Prosopagnosia A patient with prosopagnosia will have the greatest difficulty doing which of the following Spontaneous Activity on Needle EMG 02 Of the following, which pattern of spontaneous activity on EMG represents the firing of muscle fibers (as opposed to motor units) Spontaneous Activity on Needle EMG 02 Of the following, which pattern of spontaneous activity on EMG represents the firing of motor units (as opposed to muscle fibers) Spontaneous Activity on Needle EMG 01 You are performing a needle EMG study. You notice spontaneous discharges. They are single discharges, stable in amplitude, firing at a rate of about 10 Hz with a regular rhythm. Of the following choices, what are these discharges most likely to be Nerve Injuries Affecting the Upper Extremity A Greek female deity was gouged in the axilla by a Narwhal yesterday. She presents to your clinic today complaining of numbness in the area shaded in green in the image above. She also, as pictured, is unable to extend her arm at the elbow, or abduct at the shoulder... Nerve Injuries Affecting the Upper Extremity A Greek female deity was gouged in the axilla by a Narwhal yesterday. She presents to your clinic today complaining of numbness in the area shaded in green in the image above. She also, as pictured, is unable to extend her arm at the elbow. Abduction at the shoulder has been spared... Nerve Injuries Affecting the Upper Extremity A Greek female deity was gouged in the axilla by a Narwhal yesterday. She presents to your clinic today complaining of numbness in the area shaded in green in the image above. She also, as pictured, is unable to extend her arm at the elbow. Abduction at the shoulder has been spared... Nerve Injuries Affecting the Upper Extremity A Greek female deity was gouged in the axilla by a Narwhal 6 weeks ago. She presents to your clinic today complaining of numbness in the area shaded in green in the image above. She also, as pictured, is unable to extend her arm at the elbow. Abduction at the shoulder has been spared... Nerve Injuries Affecting the Upper Extremity A Greek female deity was gouged in the axilla by a Narwhal yesterday. She presents to your clinic today complaining of numbness in the area shaded in green in the image above. She also, as pictured, is unable to extend her arm at the elbow. Abduction at the shoulder has been spared... Disorders of Ocular Motility 2 A 499 year-old female presents with recent abrupt onset of abnormal eye movements. On exam, you see the movements shown in the image above as she follows your finger down and then up. Of the following options, which is the most likely site of the lesion Disorders of Ocular Motility 1 A 499 year-old female presents with recent abrupt onset of abnormal eye movements. On exam, you see the movements shown in the image above as she follows your finger to the left and right. Of the following options, which is the most likely site of the lesion Disorders of Ocular Motility 1 A 499 year-old female presents with recent abrupt onset of abnormal eye movements. On exam, you see the movements shown in the image above as she follows your finger to the left and right. Of the following options, which is the most likely site of the lesion Disorders of Ocular Motility 1 A 499 year-old female presents with recent abrupt onset of abnormal eye movements. On exam, you see the movements shown in the image above as she follows your finger to the left and right. Of the following options, which is the most likely site of the lesion Acute brain attack protocol A 96 year-old male kumquat washer went to bed in his normal state of health at 8:00pm last night, and woke up this morning with left-sided weakness, a facial droop, dysarthria, left-sided numbness, and a left homonymous hemianopsia. Your neurologic exam reveals these same findings... INO What is the most common cause of bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia Fish MCQ 33 What plane of section is this Courtesy of Dr. Mark Cohen Fish MCQ 32 Which of these is NOT part of the hypothalamus Fish MCQ 31 Which of the following is considered semantic memory Fish MCQ 30 Which of the following is TRUE about the olfactory system and chemoreception Fish MCQ 29 Lesions in the non-dominant hemisphere would reult in which deficits [Select all that apply] Fish MCQ 28 Which of the following is true regarding seizures Fish MCQ 27 Which of these functions is NOT associated with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex Fish MCQ 26 Which of these is NOT a thalamic nuclei Fish MCQ 25 The ventral lateral nucleus receives input from ___ and sends output to ___ Fish MCQ 24 The lateral geniculate nucleus receives input from ___ and sends output to ___ Fish MCQ 23 Which of the following pairs is NOT correct Fish MCQ 22 Which bone of the middle ear pushes against the oval window of the cochlea to convert air vibrations into fluid waves Fish MCQ 21 Which cerebellar peduncle carries efferents from the cerebellum Fish MCQ 20 Which layer of the cerebellar cortex has cells whose axons leave the cerebellar cortex Fish MCQ 19 Which of the following functions is the cerebellum NOT involved in: Fish MCQ 18 A lesion to CN XII would result in: Fish MCQ 17 Upper motor neurons of the corticobulbar tract terminate in: Fish MCQ 16 The oculomotor nucleus of CN III do the following EXCEPT: Fish MCQ 15 PNS lesions would be characterized by the following physical exam findings EXCEPT: Fish MCQ 14 Which of the following is TRUE about type I muscle fibers Select all that apply Fish MCQ 13 Which of the following is NOT a nuclei of the trigeminal nerve Fish MCQ 12 The cuneocerebellar tract carries information about: Fish MCQ 11 Where are the cell bodies of the first order neurons of the dorsal column - medial lemniscus system located Fish MCQ 10 With what sensory modality are Merkel endings associated Fish MCQ 09 Which of the following is TRUE about neuron communication Fish MCQ 08 Where do somatic afferent axons of CN V, VII, IX and X join Fish MCQ 07 Which of the following does NOT carry information about taste Fish MCQ 06 Which of the following cranial nerves does NOT have a motor function Fish MCQ 05 Where is the third ventricle located Fish MCQ 04 Which of the following would NOT lead to a decreased or absent triceps reflex Fish MCQ 03 Which of the following is NOT a glial cell of the central nervous system Fish MCQ 02 Which of the following groups regarding inhibitory & excitatory signals are properly matched Fish MCQ 01 Which of the following about the neuron action potential is TRUE User Forums and CommentsPerception of Pain I read that the cingulate gyrus is important in the interpretation of emotions with pain. In lecture we talked about somatosensory area 2, and this is involved in determing how severe or agonal the pain is. Is there a relation between these structures Re: Question Bank Aloha. I'm afraid ther isn't currently a way to print out multiple questions. In part, this is because many of the questions are small programs, and change each time they are viewed. Thank you for your interest, and good luck to you. Question Bank Doctor,I am a Disabled Senior Citizen interested in learning Basic Neuroanatomy and Basic Neurology (former Army Medic, Autopsy Technician, and former Medical Examiner Assistant). I am not a Medical Student; but, my goal is to learn as an autodidact. I have just recently purchased Dr... Re: question How does the Romberg test test for deficits in the vestibular system when you are standing still Doesn't the vestibular system detect changes in angular and linear acceleration Comment More specifically, the highlighted regions because it is interrupted and in the positions of unmyelinated portion of the axon it could also be the node of ranvier. If you wanted to put another version of the question up with that option you could. Comment CAn I have access to these images question Does the cuneocerebellar tract enter the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle through the restiform body (I know the posterior spinal cerebellar tract goes through the restiform body to get into the cerebellum. Nolte seems to imply the cuneocerebellar... Re: Re: Neuroanatomy Excellent question.Somatosensory association cortex is a more general term, whereas secondary somatosensory cortex (SS2) is a more specifically defined area. Secondary somatosensory cortex is one region of somatosensory association cortex; there are others... Re: Neuroanatomy Is the secondary somatosensory cortex the same as the somatosensory association cortex Re: Comment Thanks. That's an excellent idea. Comment come on....ingested like 8 pounds of ketamine is suggestive of toxic psychosis...too much so. Comment What do you think about creating a Resident-level bank and a Med-student level bank Questions like this one should be for med students. important though. awesome website. There is also a neuroanatomy user forum: http://FrontalCortex.com/page=forums&topic=user_forums&qid=f19 Neuroanatomy For medical students studying neuroanatomy, feel free to ask your questions here, or post answers to questions here. Comment wonderful sirA gr8 ideasir wat is the scope of doiong Neurology after doing Neuropathology Re: Comments There is no arrow for NEXT or PREVIOUS Can you organise answer on the on the side of picture.Easy to review.You have excellent material but user UNfriendly presentation. Re: Comments How to convert in to a DVD format Or a book formatIt is easy to read that way. Re: Comment I'm looking for a review of nerve conduction about 10 pages with 20 questions at the end. Do you know of any or could you point me in the right direction More of a CME. Krypton half life I know it's hardly ever used anymore, but it's a great ventilation tracer! Here's how to remember why:Krypton-81m half-life is 13 seconds. (13.10 to be exact) Superman's unlucky element is kryptonite. 13 is an unlucky number. PET tracers Half life for cyclotron-produced PET radionuclides other than F-18:ONC-ology (many are used in cancer imaging)O - N - C: Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon2 x 10 = 202 minutes, 10 minutes, 20 minutes Bent in left CCA Anyone can help us,that there is a bent in left cca from CT image. The bent ia at the strating of heart. The problem is sometimes the patient gets no power in legs and hands and chest pain (not hard). Feel to fall down. it lasts for 5-10 minutes. The toral recovery time is 2 hr... Re: Re: Re: What is FrontalCortex.com? How do I delete account Re: Boards info which programs out there will help for the neurology boards Re: Boards info which programs out there will help for the neurology boards Correction... Dear Miles, There are some grammatical and spelling errors. Please, re-check. Regards! Comment Something is wrong with the latest question of the mini quiz. I do not understand what, please see. Otherwise quiz is fun.Regards s QuickTime compatibility added The videos in the EMG tutorial can now be viewed on the Apple iPad, iPod touch, and other machines that require QuickTime. Comment Very informative and easy to understand. Your voice was very nice. Some of the slides could be a little bit larger, but can still be seen alright. Happy learning I just whosh happy learning to everybody using this site. It is indeed very helpful. Very essential. Re: Re: Comment Actually, all the choices represent some form of spontaneous activity. The question is about the generator of said activity. Fasciculations, doublets, triplets, multiplets, myokymia, cramp potentials, neuromyotonic potentials, and the potentials of a resting... FrontalCortex, Inc. On March 5, 2010, we filed articles of incorporation for FrontalCortex Inc., a non-profit educational corporation in the state of Arizona. Re: Comment I think Dr. Miles is simply noting that all the other choices are due to increased insertional activity. I assume the question is kind of a which one of these things is not like the other. All the distractor answers describe classic insertional activity pattern... Boards info If you would like info regarding what programs and questions would be the most useful in preparing for the boards just ask them here. Re: Comment Thanks. i've uploaded a new version. It should work now. Comment This video does not play completely. Millionth Hit FrontalCortex has now had over 1 million hits! Re: Comment Excellent!Thanks! Comment AIN also has deep sensory fibers, but no cutaneous sensory fibers. The Radiology Assistant The Radiology Assistant has a whole section devoted to neuroradiology. Magnetic Resonance Online Texts: a List & Repository of free, on Magnetic Resonance Online Texts: a List & Repository of free, online MR Books, Theses, and Courses. Looks like a collection of text resources about MRI. Please let us know what you think about this one. Re: Comment You are very wlecome, Miles! Thanks for adding my website link! I apologize for the delay in my contribution, as I was very busy. Regards.Osama Re: The citation of ... Great! I've added Clinical Neurology to the dropdown, and I'll add the citation to your questions. As always, thank you for your excellent contributions! Readers are encouraged to check out rednucleus` own neurology review web page: http://www.neurology4mrcp... Comment A clickable hyperlink to rednucleus` site. Thanks again! The citation of ... The citation of these 13 questions about subarachnoid hemorrhage is the Professor Aminoff's Clinical Neurology, 6th edition. And for Dr. Miles, I would be grateful if your drop-down menu for references contains this wonderful book to cite. Regards Osama Why are you doing this? Other versions of this question have included, Why the hell do you spend so much time on this and What does your wife thinkWell, here's the deal. I've been programming since I was in grade school (back then, it was Fortran on punchcards). Some people golf... Comment This is a comment. Myopathy vs Denervation Here's the url for gliageek's video on Denervation, Dystrophy, and Disorders of Energy Metabolism:http://frontalcortex.com/page=oll&qid=1088&topic=24 Re: Re: The RITE exam Good luck tomorrow, everyone!- jdm Re: vegtables Going back to the original descriptions, any rosette without a lumen is a pseudorosette. However, these days when we say pseudorosette, we mean perivascular psuedorosette, most often seen in ependymomas. Homer Wright (peudo) rosettes contain a center composed... vegtables What is the difference between a psudorosette and a homer-wrightWhat is the difference between onion bulb and a psamoma body bc it all looks like vegtables to me. Videos can now be viewed in full-screen mode Howdy.There are several videos on numerous topics posted on the site. Previously, you've only been able to watch them in one size. Now, when you click the full screen button on the video, and it should fill your screen.If you have any difficulties with this, please email me... Re: Re: Re: Re: laminar necrosis Thanks. S Re: Re: laminar necrosis Thanks. Is there any other process that causes selective loss of cortical layers III, V, and VI other than lack of oxygen I'd better go to a dark room and ask the neuroradiologist what he or she means by laminar necrosis radiographically. S Re: laminar necrosis Suzanne, Laminar necrosis is the selective loss of the metabolically specialized, and therefore more oxygen/blood flow dependent, neurons which occupy layers III, V, and VI.I've not heard of post-infectious cerebritis, so I can't help you with this... laminar necrosis Hoping gliageek can field this one, please:I'm reading about laminar necrosis in anoxia/hypoxia, which is defined as damage to cortical layers III and V, specifically extensive eosinophilic degeneration and death, with sparing of the other neocortical layers... Re: Re: Re: EEG, Eyes, Tongue, and charge thank you :) Re: Re: eosiophilic granular bodies I can't rememeber what I was asking the difference of, hehehe,thank you for the answers :) Re: eosiophilic granular bodies How can you tell the difference on path ---difference between what M Re: corpora amylacea, significance? Corpora amylacea are an aging associated phenomenon, representing accumulation of insoluble metabolic byproducts, and usually are not associated with disease. They are also increased in areas of chronic gliosis (e.g. epilepsy) and if seen in children may represent... Re: Re: EEG, Eyes, Tongue, and charge I suppose it does need some explanation.The + signs mean that the cornea has a positive charge. So wherever the cornea moves towards a lead, you can expect a positive deflection on the EEG. And whenever the cornea moves away from a lead, you can expect a negative deflection... Cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning DUMBBELSSDiarrheaUrinationMiosisBronchospasmBradycardiaExcitation of skeletal muscle and CNSLacrimationSweatingSalivationAntidote: Atropine Huntington diseas Hunting 4 food = Chromosone 4 Re: EEG, Eyes, Tongue, and charge could you elaborate on this Von Hippel Lindau Von Hippel Lindau 3 words = Chromosome 3 corpora amylacea, significance? I know it is found in astrocyte cytoplasmic processes, but what's its significance eosiophilic granular bodies they sate this is a feature usually seen in lower grade neoplasms, such as pleomorphic xanthoastrocytom or ganglioglioma, true How can you tell the difference on path2. Not a path questions, but EEG, i heard you had a good mnemonia for the cornea and telling... Re: Re: how do we tell the difference between DNT and oligodendr One of the original authors of the DNT paper has gone so far to say that a CORTICALLY-BASED tumor in a young patient presenting with seizures is a DNT till proved otherwise. In the specific glioneuronal element of DNT, the neurons appear to float free in lots of extracellular mucopolysaccharide matrix... Re: how do we tell the difference between DNT and oligodendrogli Ingy -Thanks for the excellent question.Admittedly, oligodendroglioma and dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNT) look a lot alike, and you might not be able to tell the difference between them if all you saw was one slide. For examination purposes,... Re: Re: Re: Most Important Neuropathology Topics for Neurology R how do we tell the difference between DNT and oligodendroglioma, this egg like and fried egg apperance Re: The RITE exam The dates for the neurology Residency Inservice Training Exam for 2009:Friday, February 27, 2008Saturday, February 28, 2008Sunday March 1, 2008 Re: Re: Most Important Neuropathology Topics for Neurology Resid PKAN = Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration.This is the ailment formerly known as Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome. Since Hallervorden and Spatz were involved in Nazi atrocities, they don't get to keep the disease anymore. Re: Most Important Neuropathology Topics for Neurology Residents PKAN Re: Mee's Lines It Be an IDy BiDy BaBy's DaDdy T1 is dark and burns bright a bit with methemoglobin, and darkens when hemosiderin develops.T2 is bright whenever oxidizing ionization (Fe2+ or extracellular methemoglobin) occurs, but also darkens when hemosiderinization occurs... Re: MRI findings in ICH It Be an IDy BiDy BaBy's DaDdy T1 is bright with methemoglobin.T2 is bright whenever ions (Fe2+ or extracellular methemoglobin) occur. The Pupils Thanks for the question. Please post more. I would suggest the use of sluggishly reactive pupils rather than mildly reactive pupils; I think the term mild is somewhat misleading in this Parinaud's, i.e. the pupils could not be mildly, moderately, or severely reactive... Re: Most Important Neuropathology Topics for Neurology Residents Here's a bit on pseudopallisading necrosis in glioblastoma. Re: Rule of 4 in the brainstem Welcome. And thanks for the helpful heuristics. Most Important Neuropathology Topics for Neurology Residents Okay, so here's the scenario.You're a neurology resident, and you're studying for some big boards-type exam. FrontalCortex.com has hundreds and hundreds of neuropathology images and stuff, but you want to focus on the high-yield neuropathology... Rule of 4 in the brainstem Hello Everyone. I just found this very interesting and would like to share it. The are:4 structures in the midline beginning with M.4 structures to the side beginning with S.4 cranial nerve in the medulla, 4 in the pons, 4 above the pons (2 in the midbrain)the... Gray's Anatomy PlantAr, not PlantEr I love the site, but the spelling of the word plantAr as plantEr is hard to accept Comment i want to learn more from this WEBSITE... Another Pathology Site Another pathology site, where users can share path images and videos. Remember, you can do this on FrontalCortex, too! Mee's Lines Mee's lines are a sign of Heavy Metal poisoning.Like guitar strings across your fingernails. Re: References Timing of angio is discussed in: Selman, W.R., Sunshine, J.L., Tarr, R.W., and Ratcheson, R.A. (2004). Intracranial aneurysms and subarachnoid hemorrhage. In Bradley, W.G., Daroff, R.B., Fenichel, G.M., and Jankovic, J. (Eds.). Neurology in Clinical Practice, Fourth Edition... Nice question. Thanks to rednucleus for this question.For the reader interested in reading more, check Adams & Victor, 8th edition, pages 540-541. Note this quote from those pages, in reference to the use of acetazolamide (and other drugs) for pseudotumor:We have occasionally... References This question needs more appropriate references.Adams and Victor does not contain any mention of choroiditis. Comment For the reader interested in learning more, check our Adams & Victor, 8th edition, page 145. References A more appropriate reference is needed for this question.Adams and Victor does not address the statements made here. References Additional references are needed for this question.Adams & Victor does not discuss these defects. Excellent Question This is an excellent question.For those wanting to read more, check Adams & Victor 7th ed. page 893, or 8th edition page 719.Thanks again to rednucleus for this plethora of great questions. Please keep 'em coming! References This is a good question, but additional references are needed. As far as I can tell, Adams & Victor does not say anything about when the scan should be performed, or about the limits of angiography, and that is what this question is about. Lots of New Stuff There are a lot of new features on FrontalCortex which have been added over the past few months.Most significantly, we've added the ability for users to create and maintain multimedia online courses. Check out the courses tab. You'll find an online... MRI findings in ICH Blood products degrade over time. These changes are relflected on MRI T1 and T2 depending on time, this allows physicians to estimate how long blood has been present. Changes occur at the following times: 14 d: chronic Mnemonic based on T1 and T2 changes:... Comment now i can't delete this Re: Re: MRI findings in ICH Howdy.Thanks for the mnemonic on blood on the MRI.I've tweaked the WSYWIG editor for forums and comments, so it should work now.One note - once someone replies to a comment, the original comment cannot be edited. Re: MRI findings in ICH i can't format this well... not sure why. Specific Reference Thanks to rednucleus for this good question. For the reader interested in learning more, details can be found on page 1361 in Adams & Victor's 7th Edition, or page 1103 in the 8th Edition. Comment Thanks to rednucleus for this well-thought out question. I did want to point out to the reader that, while a normal brain is more suggestive of a type I Chiari malformation, a type I Chiari does not guarantee a normal brain. There were 4 types of malformations... Excellent Website Very helpful website; well done Miles! For those who are interested in neurology, you will find high quality teaching stuffs here. Regards and all the very best! Amin Neurology4MRCP This is rednucleus' site, with 1500 multiple choice neurology review questions available for download. Most impressive. Fantastic! Thanks to gliageek for the incredible job on this highly informative presentation on the pathology of meningiomas. Highly recommended for anyone wanting to learn more about meningiomas. Re: Re: What is FrontalCortex.com? Howdy. Thanks for letting me know. With some recent upgrades, the question editor developed a bug. I tracked it down and fixed it; it should work now. Thanks for trying to submit a question! Muscle innervated by Radial Nerve RAW (as in Radial) BEAST RAW: Radial (picture a beast yelling RAW) Brachialradialis Extensors ABDuctor pollicis longus Supinator Tricepts Re: What is FrontalCortex.com? hi i submitted a question on carotid dissection i am not sure if it uploaded and how can i tell if it is accepted thx gdiaz, m.d. U Idaho Anatomy A nice anatomy review from U Idaho Comment The Human Brain Atlas at Michigan State University. In this atlas you can view MRI sections through a living human brain as well as corresponding sections stained for cell bodies or for nerve fibers. B Vitamins How do you remember which B vitamin is which Just remember TRN (or The RN): T = Thiamine = B1 R = Riboflavin = B2 N = Niacin = B3 Suggested by Annette Niestroy-Janus, M.D. American Journal of Psychiatry Podcasts American Journal of Psychiatry Podcasts Recent podcast: Highlights from the February issue Lancet Neurology Podcasts Lancet Neurology Podcasts Recent podcast: Strokes in children and more Montreal Neurological Institute Montreal Neurological Institute Recent podcast: Accelerating Medical Research: The Myelin Repair Foundation Cognitive Neuroscience Arena Podcasts Cognitive Neuroscience Arena Podcasts Recent podcast: Interview with Dr. Maria Jonsdottir Royal College of Psychiatrists Let Wisdom Guide Royal College of Psychiatrists Let Wisdom Guide Recent podcast: Virtual reality study of paranoid thinking in the general populace The Dana Foundation Audio Archive The Dana Foundation Audio Archive Recent podcast: Neuroscience Meets Psychoanalysis Dr. Ginger Campbell’s Brain Science Podcast Dr. Ginger Campbell’s Brain Science Podcasts is a great place to start and to finish too! Recent podcast: Interview with Rachel Herz, author of The Scent of Desire Most Commons Ever notice how every review of a disease, no matter how rare, begins with a phrase like, This disease is the most common cause of insert phrase here Well, MostCommons.com is a search engine which looks only for phrases like that. So next time you are presenting... Neurophilosophy Might not help with your boards, but makes interesting reading. Neurology This is the podcast from the journal Neurology. Another neuroradiology site This is another radiology search site. I find it more cryptic than Goldminer. It doesn't return images, but will give you a list of internal hyperlinks which are often related to your search terms. When you click one of the links, you'll get a brief outline-form explanation... Goldminer Radiology Search Engine This is a cool idea - a search engine for radiology images. This is a product of the American Roentgen Ray Society (ARRS) and is on their website. It searches through tons of journals, picking out images that match your search query. Comment The only blog about neuropathology! It contains web links of interest to neurologists. Where does funding for FrontalCortex come from? FrontalCortex.com is funded out of my own pocket. This cost is offset in part by income from the advertisements which appear on every page, and by the sale of merchandise such as books and review materials, and parietal watches. Who the heck are you? I'm J. Douglas Miles, M.D., Ph.D.I am a licensed physician and a neurology resident. What is FrontalCortex.com? FrontalCortex.com is a resource for residents, medical students, and attending physicians studying neurology.It features a free question bank with over 230 questions. Each of these questions has many permutations, so that you'll get a slightly different question each time you load it... LGN & MGN nuclei of the thalamus To rememer that MGN is involved with audition and LGN is involved with vision:Light, LGNMusic, MGN Re: Re: Comments Thanks!Movement disorder & neuroopth videos are a great idea. If I'm able to find some, I'll definitely put them up here. Any ideas where I might encounter someIn the meantime, here are a couple of questions on FrontalCortex that have animations... Re: Comments very good site and i suggest adding video moviez of movement disorder or neuropthalmology cases and thank u for great jobsulaiman History of Neurology and Neurosurgery Less useful for the boards, but cool because it's interesting: a page of links about the history of neurology and neurosurgery on the web site of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons. Adam, God, and the Parkinsonian Tremor This question features Michelagnelo's Creation of Adam, with a new twist. Vitruvian Man This is the question with Leonardo da Vinci's Virtuvian Man. Test This is a test. Dr. Arbogast's Migraine Treatment Recommendations Rescue Treatments for Acute Migrainesumatriptan 6 mg subcutaneously chlorpromazine 12.5 mg slow IV push q 20 min (maximum 50 mg) prochlorperazine 10 mg slow IV push droperidol 2.5 mg slow IV push q 30 min (maximum 7.5 mg) depakon 1 gram IV push over 1 min... The Mona Lisa again The Mona Lisa, with Parinaud synrome.Gotta love it. Another Mona Lisa question This is the third of the Mona Lisa questions, this time with a lateral medullary syndrome. Mona Lisa Eyes Someone told me they saw another page with the Mona Lisa with an INO. Anyone else seen that Re: Question Contest And here's the link to enter a new question! Re: Question Contest - Win Cash! Here's the link for the question contest! Re: Question Contest Here's the page with the contest rules. Question Contest Howdy!So the new Question Contest is up and running.Here's how it works: the next 100 questions that get submitted to FrontalCortex.com will be entered into the contest. This time around, the question can be on any topic in neurology. The questions... Question Contest - Win Cash! There's a new question contest which is going on now.The prize money increases as time goes on, but only the first 100 questions will get entered into the contest. I think you'd better enter now.-jdm Comment Neuropathology cases from the VA Try reloading this question. This question has a good number of images and permutations programmed into it.Hit the reload button a few times, and you'll see what I mean.-jdm The RITE exam Dates for the neurology Residency Inservice Training Exam for 2008:Friday, February 29, 2008Saturday, March 1, 2008Sunday March 2, 2008 The BRAIN-O-METER The Brain-O-Meter, shown above, lets you know what other users thought about this question.If a question gets 5 brains (), then most people who rated it thought it was excellent. A question with 0 brains () is considered lousy by most people who rated it... The RATE THIS QUESTION button The rate this question button lets you enter feedback on a specific question.Clicking this button opens a simple form that prompts you for different categories of feedback. Use the drop-down menus to choose your ratings for the questions.Overall Rating: ... The CLONE button The clone button, shown above, lets you create a brand new question, using the current question as a template.Let's say you like the question you're looking at, but have some ideas as to how to make it better. Click the clone button, and edit the... The RANDOM QUESTION button The random question button, shown above, will load a random question from the database. Use the button to simulate that wonderful feeling of taking a test. You never know what's going to come next. The RELOAD button The reload button, shown above, will reload the same question.Because each question is really a computer program with many permutations, when you reload the question it will look different than the last time you saw it. Simpler questions differ only in the order in which the answers are presented... Overview The question bank has an ever-growing number of neurology review questions. Some were written by me, others by users. Each one has the following features:Questions will change (some subtly, some completely) each time you load the page. How much a question... What is FrontalCortex.com? FrontalCortex.com is a resource for residents, medical students, and attending physicians studying neurology.It features an ever-growing question bank filled with multiple questions on many different neurology topics, to help you study for the neurology boards... EEG Image Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons. The EEG image used in this question comes courtesy of Wikimedia Commons. The image is an EEG of generalized 3Hz spike and wave discharges. This image is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 2.0. For full documentation, please see: http://commons... Neurofibromatosis Type 1 NF1 is the most common form of neurofibromatosis. It has an incidence of approximately 1 in 3000 live births. It has autosomal dominant inheritance, with the abnormal gene located on chromosome 17. About 50% of cases are due to spontaneous mutation, with no prior family history... Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Where's the gene for NF1Chromosome 17.How do you remember this There are 17 letters in von Recklinghausen and Neurofibromatosis. Overview Neurofibromatosis is one of the most common genetic diseases affecting the nervous system. The incidence is approximately 1 in 3000 live births.Four forms are described in the literature:Neurofibromatosis type 1 (aka NF1, von Reckinghausen disease, Classic... Re: FrontalCortex Questions & Quizzes on Inborn Errors of Metabo Can you identify the IEM associated with this MRI image Re: FrontalCortex Questions & Quizzes on Inborn Errors of Metabo A simple quiz about the IEMs associated with cataracts. Many permuttations. Re: FrontalCortex Questions & Quizzes on Inborn Errors of Metabo A huge quiz specifically on lysosomal storage diseases, a subset of inborn errors of metabolism. Billions of permutations. Re: FrontalCortex Questions & Quizzes on Inborn Errors of Metabo A quiz on neuroophtalmologic findings in neurogenetic syndromes, including some IEMs. Re: FrontalCortex Questions & Quizzes on Inborn Errors of Metabo A superhuge quiz about neurogenetic syndromes, many of which are inborn errors of metabolism. Hundreds of billions of permutations. Re: FrontalCortex Questions & Quizzes on Inborn Errors of Metabo A quiz testing 13 different IEMs and their various aromas. Hundreds of thousands of question permuations. Re: FrontalCortex Questions & Quizzes on Inborn Errors of Metabo Another question about smelling pee in inborn errors of metabolism. Much more feedback and explanation, but much fewer permutations. FrontalCortex Questions & Quizzes on Inborn Errors of Metabolism The following FrontalCortex.com quizzes and questions deal with Inborn Errors of Metabolsim: Inborn Errors of Metabolism Inborn errors of metabolism are defined as abnormalities of the synthesis, transport, or turnover of nutritional and cellular compounds. Individually, they are rare, but as a group, their incidence is about 1 in 1,000. They are typically genetic defects in metabolic enzymes, and as such are inherited... Nice Nice one, dryman.Don't think I didn't notice how you stuck me in there.-jdm Neurology Podcasts Know of any good links to neurology-related podcastsLeave them here. If you use the new link button, you'll be able to leave a hypertext link to the podcast's URL.-jdm Privacy Policy At long last, after much procrastination, I have finally posted the privacy policy for FrontalCortex.com.In summary, FrontalCortex.com does not share your personal info with 3rd parties.If you post stuff (e.g., new questions, new mnemonics, forums) some basic... NIHSScalc 1.2.0 To install this program onto your PalmOS handheld:Click the link above where it says Download this free programSave the file to your desktop or laptop computer where you have your Palm softwareDouble click on the file. A window will open telling you that nihsscalc... NEJM The New England Journal of Medicine podcast.A weekly summary of articles from the latest journal. Comment Hey, Steve.Do Seniors and Juniors change rotations at the same time now-jdm Comment Here is the pneumonic for one of the most wanted NSU Q'sindication 4 intubationIntubation IS to give sombody REST + O2IS - increase in ICP ; SHOCK ( cardiovascular)REST - RR 35 , RR 5 E - Exhaution or labored breathing S - Prolonged recovery from SURGERY/TRAUMAT - Tidal vol 5 ml/kgO2 - SaO2 "Forgot Password" feature I've added a new Forgot Password feature to FrontalCortex.com.For privacy reasons, nobody knows a user's password except that user. Even I have no way to see your passwords. However, since passwords get lost, I've just added a feature that lets... Pediatric Neurology Child Neurology podcast. Pediatric Epilepsy Syndromes So what do you think of this questionLeave your comments! Comment Leave comments on this question here... Comment Leave comments here... Forum Area This is an area where users can enter feedback. I guess the chiefs could use it to leave notes for each other about the residents' schedules.-jdm Ohio University Neuropathology test questions Good stuff! The Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) neuroradiol Requires a CWRU ID and Password. Comment A site with practice questions and many links to other neurology and neuroscience resources International Society of Neuropathology Case of the Month. Pathology! I don't know about you, but I have a hard time finding good path cases. This site is chock full of 'em. Re: Useful Links Forum Uniformed Services University Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences web site - has a nice radiology database and a coold lesion locator page. Re: Useful Links Forum NeuropathologyWeb.org - a nice page with lots of teaching materials and study questions, on neuropathology. Re: Useful Links Forum NIH's Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man website is a great resource for reading about genetic diseases. Re: Useful Links Forum The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) - Re: Useful Links Forum Baylor Neurology Case of the Month Useful Links Forum Know of a good neurology-related web site Leave a link here!Note: You have to use the new link button to enter the link. -jdm Re: Useful Links Forum Neurology section of Medical Algorithm Project Comments What do you think of FrontalCortex.comLeave your comments and suggestions!-jdm Comments and Forums New things!I've heard a lot of suggestions about the comment system, and I've tried implementing these changes. Users can now provide feedback in several areas of the site, with forums that appear at the bottom of the page. You must be logged in... Comment This is a sample Comment I'm considering taking questions like these, which have hundreds or thousands of permutations, and breaking them up into many smaller questions, so that they're more like the other questions in the bank.Any feedback ISBN and PubMed Numbers for references It's now a lot easier to create your own question.In the question form (the general one, not the one for the contest), you can now enter the PubMed id of a journal article or the ISBN number of a textbook. No more having to enter the citation by hand!-jdm WYSIWYG There is now a WYSIWYG editor for comments and question submissions.-jdm Question Contest The April Question Contest is now up and running! Submit an original question on Movement Disorders by April 30, 2007 to qualify to win 100 dollars (US). -jdm Change Password There is now a tab which will allow you to change your password. Look for it on the tabstrip on the left, under User Resources. -jdm Journal Headlines There is now a page which shows headlines from several key journals, including Neurology, Archives of Neurology, JAMA, and NEJM. Each headline is hyperlinked to the journal article. Enjoy. -jdm New Buttons on Question Pages There are some new buttons on the question pages.The old functions are still there (back to the top of the page, see a similar question, see a random question), but with a cleaner looking layout. There is also a new button: Rate this question. It's the one that looks like a bar graph... EEG, Eyes, Tongue, and charge How to remember the charge of the cornea and tongue (relevant for EEG artifacts): (+) (+) . ----------/ TAN HATS for hypothalamus. TAN HATS for hypothalamus. 1) Thirst (I'm supra-opti thirsty!) 2) Adenohypophysis via Release Hormones (see Pituitary = FLAT PiG) 3) Neurohypophysis (via oxy/ADH) 4) Hunger/Satiety 5) Autonomic (Anterior is pArasympathetic; Suprachiasmatic is circadian... Pituitary - FLAT PiG Pituitary - FLAT PiG:FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, (ignore), GH Mnemonics Forum Have a good mnemonic Share it!-jdm Re: Re: Random Question Thanks! -jdm Re: Random Question I like the random question option. It helps keep me on my toes. Random Question Now, every time you use the question bank, you have the option of choosing a random question. This should help to simulate the wonderful feeling of taking an actual exam. Who knows what the next question will be about Give it a try. -jdm Welcome! Welcome to FrontalCortex.com! This web site was started as a resource for neurology residents, medical students studying neurology, and medical personnel in the field of neurology. FrontalCortex.com has many useful resources. There is a section with downloadable software for your PDA... Online Course ContentCranial Nerves Cranial Nerves An introduction to the cranial nerves Terminology:By the end of this section, make certain that you understand what each of these terms mean, and can apply them appropriately. If applicable, make sure you can find each item on a whole brain, brain section, or image of a brain... Vasculature of the brain Vasculature of the BrainA tutorial on the arterial and venous supply of the brain. Terminology:By the end of this section, make certain that you understand what each of these terms mean, and can apply them appropriately. If applicable, make sure you can... The Brainstem The BrainstemAn introductory overview of the brainstem Terminology:By the end of this section, make certain that you understand what each of these terms mean, and can apply them appropriately. If applicable, make sure you can find each item on a whole brain, brain section, or image of a brain... Neuroanatomy landmarks: Basal ganglia Neuroanatomy Landmarks: Basal GangliaAn introduction to the structures that comprise the basal ganglia, and to the surrounding tissues Terminology:By the end of this section, make certain that you understand what each of these terms mean, and can apply them appropriately... Neuroanatomy landmarks: Thalamus Neuroanatomy Landmarks: DiencephalonAn introduction to the thalamus and structures around it. Terminology:By the end of this section, make certain that you understand what each of these terms mean, and can apply them appropriately. If applicable, make... Neuroanatomy landmarks: Ventricles Neuroanatomy Landmarks: VentriclesA discussion of the structure and function of the ventricles and CSF. Terminology:By the end of this section, make certain that you understand what each of these terms mean, and can apply them appropriately. If applicable,... Looking at the brain from different angles Looking at the Brain from Different AnglesThe brain is a complex 3-dimensional object. To gain an understanding of its anatomy, it is necessary to be able to recognize its various structures from different points of view. This section will also serve as... Brain and Brainstem Brain and BrainstemThis section discusses the anatomical strcutures of the cerebral hemispheres and the brainstem, and their related functions.Terminology:By the end of this section, make certain that you understand what each of these terms mean, and can apply them appropriately... Overview and Surface Anatomy Overview and Surface AnatomyOverview of the human brain, and a look at its surface anatomy Terminology:By the end of this section, make certain that you understand what each of these terms mean, and can apply them appropriately. If applicable, make sure... White Matter (image) Gyrus (image) Cells are Batteries Section 1: Cells are BatteriesCells are Batteries. They generate an electrical potential (voltage) across the cell membrane. For most cells, this is analogous to the DC current generated by a battery. The video above shows how the voltage... Synapses and the Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ) Section 6: Synapses and the Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ)Neurons can use electrical potentials to send signals from one part of the neuron to another, but to communicate with other neurons (or muscle cells or other target cells), they usually use chemical signals... Muscle Fiber Action Potential Section 5: Muscle Fiber Action PotentialWhen the cell membrane of neurons or muscle fibers is depolarized enough, they propagate a nondecremental wave of electrical polarization called an action potential. Neurons use these action potentials to quickly transmit information across distance... The Neuron Action Potential Section 4: Neuron Action PotentialWhen the cell membrane of neurons or muscle fibers is depolarized enough, they propagate a nondecremental wave of electrical polarization called an action potential. Neurons use these action potentials to quickly transmit information across distance... Meat Wires Section 3: Meat WiresNerve cells (neurons) and muscle cells (muscle fibers) are specialized cells whose cell membrane potential can change. These changes contribute to the basic functioning of these cells. Nerve cell processes can carry electical signals similar to how wires do... Why Are Cells Batteries? Section 2: Why Are Cells BatteriesIn this second section of this chapter, we explore the origin of the cell membrane potential. We've established that Cells are Batteries. Batteries have an electrical potential. That's what makes them batteries... Sodium-Potassium ATPase (image) Goldman Equation (image) Nernst potassium (image) Nernst sodium (image) nernst equation (image) cell sodium and potassium (image) cell sodium gradient (image) cell potassium gradient (image) Cell Membrane Detailed Diagram Labeled (image) NMJ (image) Neuron with oligodendrocyte and myelin (image) Muscle Fiber Action Potential 489 Neuron Action Potential 2 488 Neuron Action Potential 177 Effect of Sodium Influx on a Neuron Membrane 487 Resting Potential of a Neuron 2 486 Cell Membrane Detailed Diagram Labeled (image) Cell Membrane Detailed Diagram Blank (image) Neuron Resting Potential 485 Basic Physiology of Nerve and Muscle Basic Physiology of Nerve and MuscleLearning objectives: To gain an understanding of basic physiology of nerves and muscleTo understand what a membrane potential is and what makes it happenTo understand what an action potential is, and how it comes aboutTo... Neuroanatomy A set of educational materials intended to supplement a second-year medical school neuroscience course. If you are currently using this to study neuroanatomy, I would request that you direct any questions to me through the Neuroanatomy User Forum on FrontalCortex... How to use this course How to use this courseThis is an online supplement to a neuroanatomy course. This resource is in progress, with a target completion date of December 12, 2014. Introduction to the Nervous System Introduction to the Nervous SystemYou may want to start by reviewing anatomical directions and planes of section, particularly as they apply to neuroanatomy. If you are already really comfrotable with this nomenclature, click here to start with a brief introduction to nerve cell physiology... Directions and Planes of Section in Neuroanatomy An orientation to the nervous system, introducing common terms used to describe directions and orientation, specifically as it pertains to neuroanatomy. When we are discussing directions in anatomy, definitions are based on a person being... Superior-Inferior whole body (image) Inferior (image) Superior (image) Electric Meat Electric MeatWhy is the nervous system different from skin, liver, kidneys, or spleen The fundamental building blocks of the nervous system and muscles are electrically active cells. These cells process inputs and generate outputs. Neurons are individual... Illustration of the Human Nervous System, by Eustachi (image) Ventral surface of the brain (image) Olfactory nerves and olfactory bulbs with arrow (image) Olfactory nerves and olfactory bulbs (image) The Neurological Physical Exam, and Approach to Diagnostic Problems in Neurology Tying all this stuff together, this section focuses on how anatomy and the clinical neuro exam interrelate, and describes strategies for reaching a diagnosis in neurological clinical situations. Cerebral Cortex Cerebral CortexA description of the functions of different sections of the cerebral cortex. This includes (but is not limited to) the FrontalCortex.Terminology:By the end of this section, make certain that you understand what each of these terms mean, and can apply them appropriately... Olfaction, Limbic System, and Autonomics Olfaction, Limbic System, and AutonomicsAn overview of the olfactory system, limbic system, autonomic nervous system, and the hypothalamus.Terminology:By the end of this section, make certain that you understand what each of these terms mean, and can apply them appropriately... Thalamus A discussion of the various nuclei of the thalamus, and their functions and connections. Audition and the Vestibular System Audition and the Vestibular SystemAn introduction to the anatomy and physiology of the ear and structures involved in hearing and the vestibular system.Terminology:By the end of this section, make certain that you understand what each of these terms mean, and can apply them appropriately... Vision VisionA introduction to the anatomy and physiology of the eye and structures that are involved in vision.Terminology:By the end of this section, make certain that you understand what each of these terms mean, and can apply them appropriately. If applicable,... Cerebellum Cerebellum A description of the anatomy and function of the cerebellum.Terminology:By the end of this section, make certain that you understand what each of these terms mean, and can apply them appropriately. If applicable, make sure you can find each item... Motor Cranial Nerves Motor Cranial NervesThis section describes the cranial nerves that carry motor information. Also discusses corticobulbar pathways.Terminology:By the end of this section, make certain that you understand what each of these terms mean, and can apply them appropriately... Motor Pathways Motor PathwaysThis section describes the anatomical structures that carry motor information from the brain to the body, including upper motor neuron and lower motor neuron pathways.Terminology:By the end of this section, make certain that you understand what... Sensory Cranial Nerves Sensory Cranial NervesThis section introduces the cranial nerves that provide sensory information. The nerves carrying general somatic sensation, visceral sensation, and the sensation of taste are described in detail. Audition, olfaction, and vision are... Sensory Pathways Sensory PathwaysThis section introduces spinal cord anatomy, and discusses the anatomy of the various pathways that bring sensory information from the skin and body back to the central nervous system. Terminology:By the end of this section, make certain that... PCA stroke, medial surface of brain, labelled (image) PCA stroke, medial surface of brain (image) Horizontal slice of gross brain (image) Normal head CT, for comparison (image) CT SAH (image) Coronal section (image) midsagittal section of brain - illustration from Gray's anatomy (image) Midsagittal section of brain - illustration from Gray's anatomy (image) Sagittal gross section of normal brain (image) Looking at the brain from different angles: coronal sections Recognizing structures in coronal or frontal slices of brain. Looking at the brain from different angles: horizontal sections Recognizing structures in horizontal or axial slices of brain. Looking at the brain from different angles: sagittal sections Recognizing structures in sagittal slices of brain. Looking at the brain from different angles: Whole brain External landmarks looking at the whole brain. Venous drainage of the brain A tutorial on the venous drainage of the brain. Arteries of the brain A tutorial on the arterial supply of the brain. ACA infarct sagittal labeled (image) ACA infarct sagittal (image) PICA stroke, whole brain photo (image) Left MCA stroke, whole brain (image) Brain slice, coronal. (image) Alexia without agraphia resulting from ischemic stroke with arrow (image) MRI Fluent Aphasia with arrow (image) MRI - Enhancing Meninges with arrow (image) MRI - normal meninges for comparison (image) MRI - Enhancing Meninges (image) CT dense MCA highlighted (image) MRI DWI left ACA stroke (image) CT left PCA stroke (image) Right MCA stroke (image) Alexia without agraphia resulting from ischemic stroke (image) MRI Fluent Aphasia (image) MRI T2 meningioma (image) MRI T1 meningioma (image) MRI T1 Gad meningioma (image) MRI GRE left frontal meningioma (image) MRI FLAIR meningioma (image) MRI DWI meningioma (image) MRI ADC meningioma (image) MRI acute right MCA stroke (image) CT Circle of willis (image) CT Circle of Willis highlighted (image) MRI T2 MCA ACA normal (image) T2 MRI MCA ACA highlighted (image) MRI T2 semicircular canals (image) Normal head CT (image) CTA Right M1 occlusion (image) CT dense MCA (image) Major Landmarks and Divisions of the Nervous System Major Landmarks and Divisions of the Nervous System This section describes major landmarks of the nervous system, and what comprises the central and peripheral nervous system. Terminology:By the end of this section, make certain that you understand what... Lobes of the cerebral hemispheres (image) Lobes of the cerebral hemispheres (video) Brain Horizontal VHP (image) Brain Horizontal Cortex highlight (image) Grey Matter vs White Matter (image) NMJ (image) Myelin sheath (image) How myelin wraps around an axon (image) Oligodendrocyte (image) Neuron myelin segment (image) Neuron myelin (image) Neuron axon (image) Neuron dendrites (image) Neuron soma (image) Neuron with connections (image) Neuron with afferent connections (image) Neuron, numbered (image) Neuron (image) Lateral (image) Medial (image) Rostral Caudal whole body (image) Parasagittal Plane (image) Rostral-Caudal (image) Ventral (image) Dorsal (image) Distal (image) Proximal (image) Anatomical Position (image) Planes of Section (image) Planes of Section Fish (image) Sagittal Plane (image) Coronal Plane (image) Horizontal Plane (image) Neuropathology for Neurology Residents Welcome to neuropathology for neurology residents.This online course was developed by Dr. Mark Cohen and Dr. Doug Miles. It is intended to be used as the cornerstone for a resident-level neuropathology course, in conjunction with assigned textbook reading... Neuropathology Board Review part 6 (video) Neuropathology Board Review part 5 (video) Neuropathology Board Review part 4 (video) Neuropathology Board Review part 3 (video) Neuropathology Board Review part 2 (video) Neuropathology Board Review part 1 (video) Neuropathology Board Review (video) Neuropathology Board Review WelcomeWe are proud to present a series of videos by Dr. Mark Cohen, providing an overview of topics in neuropathology.When you click the thumbnails, the videos may begin playing in small size - you can enlarge them by clicking the square in the upper right hand corner of each video... Neuroneurocysticercosis (image) More Picture Mnemonics Mnemonics are tools for remembering concepts. They are useful in quickly learning and retaining concepts medical school. University of Hawaii medical student Adam Sprouse-Blum suggests that for visual learners, photographs containing cues to remember the... Achilles Reflex (image) Agraphesthesia (image) Alzheimer Disease (image) Anterior vs. Posterior Pituitary Hormones (image) Brachial Plexus (image) Brain Tumor Incidence In Children (image) Broca's Aphasia (image) Cranial Nerve Hemorrhages (image) Cranial Nerves: Sensory, Motor, or Both (image) Disdiadochokinesis (image) Hand Dermatomes (image) Hearing Loss In a Rock Band Member (image) Horner's Syndrome (image) Huntington's Chorea (image) Hypothalamic Nuclei (image) Lumbar Disc Herniation Affected Reflexes By Level (image) Median Nerve Runs with Radial Artery (image) Myasthenia Gravis_Eaton Lambert (image) Ophthalmoparesis (image) Spinothalamic Tract (image) Superior vs. Inferior Brachial Plexus Injury (image) Syphilis Treatment (image) Ventricular System Of The Brain (image) Voice Hoarseness (image) Wernicke's Aphasia (image) Cranial Nerve 1: Name (image) Picture Mnemonics: Cranial Nerves Mnemonics are tools for remembering concepts. They are useful in quickly learning and retaining concepts medical school. University of Hawaii medical student Adam Sprouse-Blum suggests that for visual learners, photographs containing cues to remember the... Adam Sprouse-Blum's Picture Mnemonics Mnemonics are tools for remembering concepts. They are useful in quickly learning and retaining concepts medical school. University of Hawaii medical student Adam Sprouse-Blum suggests that for visual learners, photographs containing cues to remember the... Abductor Digiti Quinti Pedis (video) Primitive Reflexes - The Galant Reflex GALANT REFLEXClick Here to See the First VideoClick Here to See the Second Video Test: This is also known as the trunk incurvation test. In the video, the examiner holds the baby by the belly, with the anterior aspect of the infant's body facing the floor... Primitive Reflexes - The Moro Reflex MORO REFLEXClick Here to See the VideoTest: reflex is best elicited when infant is startled - loud noises, sudden flashes of light, or changes in vestibular position can stimulate this reflex. In the video, you can see the examiner holds the baby off the ground,... Primitive Reflexes - The Rooting Reflex ROOTING REFLEXClick Here to See the VideoTest: This is a sensory reflex, which occurs when an infant responds to stimulation on around the mouth. In the video, you can see the examiner stroke the baby on the perioral area.Normal response: The infant... Primitive Reflexes - The Foot Grasp Reflex FOOT GRASP REFLEXClick Here to See the VideoTest: Pressure on the sole of the foot elicits this reflex. In video, you can see the examiner place his finger just under the toes of the infant and apply pressure.Normal response: The infant's toes flex, or grasp... Primitive Reflexes - The Plantar Reflex THE PLANTAR REFLEX Click Here to See the Video Test: This is also known as the Babinski reflex. It is best evoked by a specific stimulation of the soles of the feet with a sharp object (like the end of a reflex hammer or a fingernail). In the video, you... Primitive Reflexes - The Hand Grasp Reflex HAND GRASP REFLEXClick Here to See the VideoTest: The hand grasp reflex occurs when pressure is applied to the infant's palm. In the video, you can see the examiner's finger press on the palm of the infant. Normal response: The infant's fingers... Primitive Reflexes - Closing Remarks IN CLOSINGThe long-term prognosis of an infant does not always correlate to the neurologic exam. It's important to remember that these reflexes can vary with the examiner's experience as well as the alertness of the infant. To determine an abnormal... Primitive Reflexes Welcome.This is a mini-course written by Lizzy Freeman, M.S. III, and J. Douglas Miles, M.D., Ph.D. , and Dr. Mitzi Payne, all from Marshall University in West Virginia. This mini-course is a brief tutorial on the primitive reflexes - those reflexes which... Primitive Reflexes - General Information GENERAL INFORMATIONPrimitive reflexes occur in infants before their cerebral cortex is fully mature. These reflexes arise from the spinal cord and brainstem. They are present at birth, and recede as the brain develops. Eventually the descending inhibitory... Marshall iPED Conference Presentation Creating Web-Based Teaching and Testing Materials and Integrating Them with Classroom-Based Face-To-Face Learning J. Douglas Miles, M.D., Ph.D. What we'll discuss:Different types of web-based teaching resources on FrontalCortex.comPersonal experiences... Post-test for iPED Conference presentation on web-based and face-to-face teaching Please click begin quiz below. Example Multiple Choice Question 3 459 Example Multiple Choice Question 2 460 Example Multiple Choice Question 1 458 Pre-test for iPED Conference presentation on web-based and face-to-face teaching Please click begin quiz below. Assessments Informal Assessments How well does this learner know the material You can get an estimate of a learner’s knowledge base by their discussion of an image or short video.You can get an idea of their interest by the questions they pose. Mixing with Face-to-Face... Online courses On FrontalCortex.com, you can create a collection of multimedia resources organized into a coherent structure focused on one topic.This is considered an online course. An example of this is the neuropathology course, or the EMG course. Mixing with Face-to-Face... Learning modules Here, we are defining a learning module as a combination of:Pre-testFlash-based lecture or other multimedia teaching materialPost-testExample Mixing with Face-to-Face Learning Limited by duration of moduleVery brief modules: silly to have pre-test & post-testLonger... Types of Teaching Resources on FrontalCortex.com Think of FrontalCortex as a repository of resources that can help you learn or teach neurology. By resources, we mean things like pages of hypertext, pictures, videos, multiple-choice questions, and so forth.Here's a list of the types of resources... Closing comments Summary:e-Learning Can WorkIt requires a lot of energy inputSome applications are still better on paperShorter and simpler is gooder. Future Directions:Endless need to fix bugs and improve the user interfaceMore content onlineTaylor content to demand/needBetter... Pages of Text or HTML with images This kind of resource is more or less what you've been reading this presentation on: hypertext pages wihch mix text, hyperlinks, images and interactive images.Dr. Mark Cohen's lecture on Parkinsonian neurodegenerative diseases is a much stronger example... Recorded Lectures and Flash Presentations At this time, FrontalCortex.com has at least a dozen full-length lectures, featuring slides, recorded voice, and some basic user interactive features (Skip ahead, go back, etc).Great deal of interest from some medical instructors. In residency programs,... Videos Videos are very good for quickly conveying a lot of information, especially about movements.For example, this is the Babinski response: Teaching how to perform electromyography. Mixing with Face-to-Face LearningDiscussing a topicShow appropriate videoAsk... Moving Images Sometimes, a brief movie showing something in motion tells the learner a whole lot more than can be easily expressed in words or in a still image.Some topics are not easily describedConcepts involving movements are hard to express in a still photograph.One option: pantomime... Finger-nose-finger - Intention (image) Finger-nose-finger - Parkinson (image) Finger-nose-finger - Normal (image) Interactive Images Sometimes, it is helpful to have extra information pop up when you mouse-over an image.This makes the content more interactive, and hopefully, allows the learner to try to determine for himself/herself what an image shows before revealing the answers. Some... Pseudopalisading Necrosis (image) Basal Ganglia Coronal Close Up - Internal Capsule (image) MRI Wernicke with Arrows MRI Wernicke with Arrows (image) Interactive Images (image) Interactive Images (image) Adding Unnecessarily Large Green Arrows Sometimes, you want to draw someone's attention to a specific detail in an image. To save you some time, FrontalCortex.com has a built-in routine for adding Unnecessarily Large Green Arrows to images.To demonstrate, click this thumbnail: ... Bear with arrow (image) Bear with arrow (image) Images A picture paints a thousand words.Sometimes, it's just very helpful to be able to show someone a picture of what you're talking about. For example, this is what a glioblastoma multiforme looks like on MRI: Or, here is a map of the Ohio river valley: FrontalCortex... Thalamus Coronal (image) Circle of Willis (image) Circle of Willis (image) Stroke Pie Chart (image) Map of Ohio River Basin (image) GBM (image) Multiple Choice Questions Dynamic Questions are great, but labor-intensive and require special expertise to create.However, simpler Multiple Choice Questions can be generated on FrontalCortex.com.“Static” QuestionsOrder of answers randomized each timeAdditional ability to randomize... Example Multiple Choice Question 120 Dynamic Questions Dynamic Questions are how FrontalCortex.com started.I was studying for board exams, doing practice multiple-choice questions (MCQs) in a big book. If I missed a question, I'd mark it. I'd study the concept the question was testing, and some time... FrontalCortex.com User Tutorials Welcome to FrontalCortex.com.This website is a free resource for residents, medical students, electrodiagnostic technologists, and others interested in studying topics in neurology. This is a very useful site. It may help you to know a little more about it... Combinations of various resources combos Uploading New Videos Videos are good A Typical Medical Student Teaching Encounter In the outpatient clinic setting, medical student teaching often follows the following chain of events:See a patient with a medical studentDiscuss the patientPrompt student for questionsIf no questions, ask questions of him/herIdentify topics where knowledge... About FrontalCortex.com Disclaimer: FrontalCortex.com is my website. Not For Profit: Well, it was my website. Now, it's owned and operated by FrontalCortex, Inc., a non-profit organization. I am the president of that corporation, but I do not receive any proceeds from the site... Frequently Asked Questions test What kinds of resources can I find on FrontalCortex.com? Think of FrontalCortex as a repository of resources that can help you learn or teach neurology. By resources, we mean things like pages of hypertext, pictures, videos, multiple-choice questions, and so forth.Some people are looking for resources, so they... What is FrontalCortex.com? What is FrontalCortex.com Peripheral Nervous System and Physical Exam Findings This is a brief module, geared towards medical students, describing basic differences between the peripheral nervous system from the central nervous system, and describing physical exam finidngs which can help localize a disease process into one or the other... Post-test for Peripheral Nervous System and Physical Exam Findings module. Please answer all 6 questions after viewing the video. You will only be able to take this quiz once. Once you have started it, you may go through it as many times as you want, and change your answers. To submit your answers and receive your final score,... Post-test for Peripheral Nervous System and Physical Exam, Question #1 455 Post-test for Peripheral Nervous System and Physical Exam, Question #2 457 Post-test for Peripheral Nervous System and Physical Exam, Question #3 453 Post-test for Peripheral Nervous System and Physical Exam, Question #4 456 Post-test for Peripheral Nervous System and Physical Exam, Question #5 454 Post-test for Peripheral Nervous System and Physical Exam, Question #6 452 Pre-test for Peripheral Nervous System and Physical Exam Findings module. Please answer all 6 questions prior to viewing the video. You will only be able to take this quiz once. Once you have started it, you may go through it as many times as you want, and change your answers. To submit your answers and receive your final score,... Pre-test for Peripheral Nervous System and Physical Exam, Question #6 452 Pre-test for Peripheral Nervous System and Physical Exam, Question #5 454 Pre-test for Peripheral Nervous System and Physical Exam, Question #4 456 Pre-test for Peripheral Nervous System and Physical Exam, Question #3 453 Pre-test for Peripheral Nervous System and Physical Exam, Question #2 457 Pre-test for Peripheral Nervous System and Physical Exam, Question #1 455 Peripheral Nervous System and Physical Exam Findings (video) Topics in Basic Neurology This course will feature several resources on the basics of neurology, at the level appropriate for a medical student. A brief tutorial on primitive reflexes can be found here. A brief module on the peripheral nervous system and the physical exam has recently been added. Neuron - Soma (image) S1 The muscles that are bolded below are prodiminanty S1 innervated. abductor digiti quinti pedisabductor hallucis brevisbiceps femoris - long headbiceps femoris - short headextensor hallucis longusflexor digitorum longusgastrocnemius - lateral headgastrocnemius... Galant 2 (video) Hand Grasp Reflex (video) C6 Spinal Root: C6Muscles Innervated: anconeus ** biceps brachii* deltoid * brachioradialis * deltoid * extensor carpi radialis longus flexor carpi radialis ** Infraspinatous * pronator teres ** triceps... C5 Spinal Root: C5Muscles Innervated: Supraspinatus * Infraspinatous * Rhomboids biceps brachii * brachioradialis * deltoid * extensor carpi radialis longus ** Please note, that these muscles along cannot differentiate... Upper Extremity abductor digiti minimi abductor pollicis brevis anconeus biceps brachii brachioradialis deltoid extensor carpi radialis longus extensor carpi ulnaris extensor digitorum extensor indicis ... Intracerebral Hemorrhage (video) Acute Cerebral Ischemia (video) Basic Neuropathologic Reactions Among the resources in this section are 5 lectures providing an overview of the basic cells of the nervous system, and their reactions to damage. For those who would prefer to read than listen:The typical neuron is pyramidal or triangular-shaped with a large,... Nerve Conduction Studies for Electrodiagnostic Technologists A searchable, illustrated tutorial for nerve conduction studies, by Steven Arbogat, D.O., and J. Douglas Miles, M.D., Ph.D.This tutorial covers a wide array of nerve conduction studies (NCS). We have attempted to organize the tutorial in a logical approach... Digit 1 median-radial comparison study (video) Radial Motor NCS, Recording the Extenor Digitorum Communis (EDC), stimulating proximal to Spiral Groove (image) Radial Motor NCS, Recording the Extenor Digitorum Communis (EDC), stimulating distal to Spiral Groove (image) Radial Motor NCS, Recording the Extenor Digitorum Communis (EDC), stimulating distal to Spiral Groove (image) Upper Extremity Nerve Conduction Studies MotorAxillary Motor Nerve - recording the Deltoid Median and Ulnar motor nerves- Recording the 2nd Lumbrical and interossei Median Motor Study - Recording the Abductor Pollicis Brevis Musculocutaneous Motor Nerve - recording the Biceps Radial Motor Nerve... Motor Nerve Conduction Studies Axillary Axillary Motor Nerve - recording the DeltoidFacial Facial Motor Nerve – recording the Orbicularis OculiFemoralFemoral Motor Nerve - recording the Rectus FemorisMedian Median Palmar Mixed Nerve (orthodromic) Median Motor Study - Recording the Abductor... Radial Motor Nerve Conduction Study, recording Extensor Indicis Proprius, stimulating Proximal to Spiral Groove (image) Radial Motor Nerve - Recording the Extenor Indicis Proprius (EIP) Origin: C7-C8 roots, middle and lower trunk and posterior cord of the brachial plexus, radial nerve.Recording Site: Extensor Indicis Proprius muscle (EIP)Reference Site: Dorsal and medial wrist, near the styloid process of the ulnaGround: Posterior... Radial Motor NCS, Recording the Extenor Indicis Proprius (EIP), stimulating below groove (A) (image) Radial Motor NCS, Recording the Extenor Indicis Proprius (EIP), stimulating below groove (B) (image) Diagram of segmental distribution of the cutaneous nerves of the right upper extremity. Anterior view. (image) Median Sensory Nerve Conduction Study, recording the index finger (antidromic) (image) Nerves of the left upper extremity. (image) Anatomy of the Distal Median Nerve (image) Median Motor Nerve Conduction Study, Recording Abductor Pollicis Brevis, Stimulating at the Wrist (image) Erb's Point (image) Median Motor Nerve Conduction Study - Recording Abductor Pollicis Brevis, Stimulating at Axilla (image) Median Motor Nerve Conduction Study - Recording Abductor Pollicis Brevis, Stimulating at Elbow (image) Median Motor Nerve Conduction Study - Recording Abductor Pollicis Brevis, Stimulating at Wrist (image) Musculocutaneous Motor Nerve Conduction Study - recording the Biceps, Stimulating at Erb's point (image) Musculocutaneous Motor Nerve Conduction Study - recording the Biceps, Stimulating at Erb's point (image) Musculocutaneous Motor Nerve Conduction Study - recording the Biceps, Stimulating at Erb's point (image) Musculocutaneous Motor Nerve Conduction Study - recording the Biceps, Stimulating at Axilla (image) Musculocutaneous Motor Nerve Conduction Study - recording the Biceps, Stimulating at Axilla (image) Radial Sensory Nerve Conduction Study (antidromic) (image) Ulnar Sensory Nerve Conduction Study (antidromic) (image) Ulnar Motor Nerve - Recording the Abductor Digiti Minimi (ADM), stimulating at axilla (image) Ulnar Motor Nerve - Recording the Abductor Digiti Minimi (ADM), stimulating at axilla (image) Ulnar Motor Nerve - Recording the Abductor Digiti Minimi (ADM), stimulating at Erb's point (image) Ulnar Motor Nerve - Recording the Abductor Digiti Minimi (ADM), stimulating at Erb's point (image) Ulnar Motor Nerve - Recording the Abductor Digiti Minimi (ADM), stimulating at Erb's point (image) Ulnar Motor Nerve - Recording the Abductor Digiti Minimi (ADM), stimulating at Erb's point (image) Ulnar Motor Nerve - Recording the Abductor Digiti Minimi (ADM), stimulating proximal to elbow (image) Ulnar Motor Nerve - Recording the Abductor Digiti Minimi (ADM), stimulating distal to elbow (image) Ulnar Motor Nerve - Recording the Abductor Digiti Minimi (ADM), stimulating distal to elbow (image) Ulnar Motor Nerve - Recording the Abductor Digiti Minimi (ADM), stimulating at wrist (image) For Comparison, Radial Sensory Nerve Conduction Study - Recording the thumb (antidromic) (image) Median Sensory Nerve Conduction Study - Recording the thumb (antidromic) (image) Median Sensory Nerve - Recording the ring finger (antidromic) (image) Ulnar Sensory Nerve - Recording the ring finger (antidromic) (image) Ulnar Palmar Mixed Nerve (orthodromic) (image) Median Palmar Mixed Nerve (orthodromic) (image) Phrenic Motor Nerve Conduction Study (image) Phrenic Motor Nerve Conduction Study (image) Phrenic Motor Nerve Conduction Study (image) Special Studies Blink Blink Reflexes – recording the Orbicularis OculiF-waves F-WavesFacial Facial Motor Nerve – recording the Orbicularis OculiH-ReflexH-Reflex - recording the SoleusPhrenic Motor StudyPhrenic Motor Nerve Conduction StudyRepetitive Stimulation Repetitive... Phrenic Motor Nerve Conduction Study The phrenic study. Spinal Accessory Motor Nerve - recording the Trapezius (image) Spinal Accessory Motor Nerve - recording the Trapezius (image) Spinal Accessory Motor Nerve - recording the Trapezius (image) Radial Motor NCS, Recording the Extenor Digitorum Communis (EDC), stimulating at elbow (image) Radial Motor NCS, Placement of electrodes on EDC (image) Median-Ulnar 2nd Lumbrical-Interosseous Comparison Study 02 (image) Median-Ulnar 2nd Lumbrical-Interosseous Comparison Study 01 (image) Median-Ulnar 2nd Lumbrical-Interosseous Comparison Study 02 (image) Median-Ulnar 2nd Lumbrical-Interosseous Comparison Study 01 (image) NCS Median wrist-palm segmental study 2 (image) NCS Median wrist-palm segmental study (image) NCS Axillary Nerve Erb's point (image) Question #3 420 Sample Quiz You will only be able to take this quiz once. Once you have started it, you may go through it as many times as you want, and change your answers. To submit your answers and receive your final score, click the link that says Click here to finalize and submit your answers... Mini-Courses and Quizzes for Continuing Education This is a trial run of a system which may soon be usable for continuing education credits through the AAET.Final approval is still pending.To take a course, click on the link below. When you are finished reviewing the educational material, take the quiz... Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS) Tutorial All Nerves Upper Extremity Nerve Conduction Studies Lower Extremity Nerve Conductions Motor Nerve Conduction Studies Sensory Nerves Special Studies These are studies not performed on a regular basis, including facial motor responses, repetitive... Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Sensory Nerve – Anatomy (image) Cutaneous nerves of the right lower extremity. (image) Medial and Lateral Plantar Mixed Nerves (orthodromic) (image) Peroneal Motor Nerve - recording the Extensor Digitorum Brevis (image) Peroneal Motor Nerve - recording the Tibialis Anterior (image) Tibial Motor Nerve - recording the Abductor Hallucis (image) Tibial Motor Nerve - recording the Abductor Digiti Quinti Pedis (image) Femoral Motor Nerve - recording the Rectus Femoris. (image) Femoral Nerve - Anatomy (image) Lumbar Plexus (image) Lumbar Plexus diagram. (image) H-Reflex - recording the Soleus (image) Facial Motor Nerve – recording the Orbicularis Oculi (image) Facial Nerve (image) Blink Reflexes – recording the Orbicularis Oculi (image) Median Sensory Study to Index (image) Distal Median Nerve Anatomy (image) Superfical nerves of the hand. (image) Saphenous Nerve – Sensory distribution with arrow (image) Median Sensory Nerve - Recording the index finger (antidromic) Origin: C6-C7 roots, upper and middle trunk and lateral cord of the brachial plexus, median nerveRecording Site: Index fingerReference Site: Index fingerGround: Palm or top of handStimulation Site: WristProcedure: The recording electrode is placed on the proximal phalanx of the index finger... Median Sensory Nerve - Recording the middle finger (antidromic) Median Sensory Nerve - middle (antidromic)Origin: C7 root, middle trunk and lateral cord of the brachial plexus, median nerveRecording Site: Middle fingerReference Site: Middle fingerGround: Palm or top of handStimulation Site: WristProcedure: ... Median Sensory Nerve - Recording the thumb (antidromic) Origin: C6-C7 root, upper and middle trunk and lateral cord of the brachial plexus, median nerve.Recording Site: ThumbReference Site: ThumbGround: Palm or top of handStimulation Site: WristProcedure: The recording electrode is placed on the proximal phalanx of the thumb... Ulnar Sensory Nerve - Recording the little finger (antidromic) Origin: C8 root, lower trunk and lateral cord of the brachial plexus, ulnar nerveRecording Site: Little fingerReference Site: Little fingerGround: Palm or top of handStimulation Site: Wrist Procedure: The recording electrode is placed on the proximal phalange of the little finger... Dorsal Ulnar Sensory Nerve (antidromic) Origin: C8 root, lower trunk and medial cord of the brachial plexusRecording Site: Top of handReference Site: Base of 5th fingerGround: Top of HandStimulation Site: WristProcedure: The recording electrode is placed on the dorsum of the hand at... Radial Sensory Nerve (antidromic) Origin: C6-C7 roots, upper or middle trunk and posterior cord of the brachial plexus, radial nerveRecording Site: Base of the FDI web space between the index finger and thumbReference Site: Base of thumbGround: Palm or top of handStimulation Site: ... Median Sensory Nerve - Recording the ring finger (antidromic) Origin: C7 roots, middle trunk and lateral cord of the brachial plexus.Recording Site: Ring FingerReference Site: Ring FingerGround: Palm or top of handStimulation Site: Wrist Procedure: The recording electrode is placed on the proximal phalanx of the ring finger... Ulnar Sensory Nerve - Recording the ring finger (antidromic) Origin: C8 root, lower trunk and lateral cord of the brachial plexus.Recording Site: Ring fingerReference Site: Ring fingerGround: Palm or top of handStimulation Site: WristProcedure: The recording electrode is placed on the proximal phalange of the fourth finger... Median Palmar Mixed Nerve (orthodromic) Recording Site: Wrist over median nerve (bar electrode)Reference Site: Wrist over median nerve (bar electrode)Ground: Top of handStimulation Site: Palm, between the 2nd and 3rd metacarpal bones.Procedure: The recording and reference electrodes (bar... Ulnar Palmar Mixed Nerve (orthodromic) Recording Site: Wrist over the ulnar nerve (bar electrode)Reference Site: Wrist over the ulnar nerve (bar electrode)Ground: Top of handStimulation Site: Palm, between the 4th and 5th metacarpal bones.Procedure: The recording and reference electrodes... Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Sensory Nerve (antidromic) Origin: C6 root, upper trunk and lateral cord of the brachial plexus, Musculocutaneous nerveRecording Site: Forearm (bar electrode)Reference Site: Forearm (bar electrode)Ground: ForearmStimulation Site: ElbowProcedure: The recording and... Medial Antebrachial Cutaneous Sensory Nerve - Forearm (antidromic) Origin: C8-T1 root, lower trunk and medial cord of the brachial plexusRecording Site: Forearm (bar electrode)Reference Site: Forearm (bar electrode)Ground: ForearmStimulation Site: ElbowProcedure: The recording and reference electrodes (bar electrode)... Sensory Nerves Lateral Antebrachial CutaneousLateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Sensory Nerve - Forearm(antidromic) Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Sensory Nerve – recording the lateral thigh (antidromic)Medial Antebrachia; Cutaneous Medial Antebrachial... Lower Extremity Nerve Conductions SensoryLateral Femoral Cutaneous Sensory Nerve – recording the lateral thigh (antidromic)Saphenous Sensory Nerve – recording anterior to the Medial Malleolus (antidromic)Superficial Peroneal Sensory Nerve - recording anterior to the Lateral Malleolus (antidromic) ... All Nerves A list of all nerves commonly tested in alphabetic order.Axillary Axillary Motor Nerve - recording the DeltoidBlink Blink Reflexes – recording the Orbicularis OculiF-waves F-WavesFacial Facial Motor Nerve – recording the Orbicularis OculiFemoralFemoral... Median Motor Study - Recording the Abductor Pollicis Brevis Origin: C8-T1 roots, lower trunk and medial cord of the brachial plexus, median nerve.Recording Site: Abductor Pollicis Brevis muscle (APB)Reference Site: Base of thumbGround: Palm or top of handStimulation Sites: Wrist and elbowProcedure: The... Ulnar Motor Nerve - Recording the Abductor Digiti Minimi (ADM) Origin: C8-T1 roots, lower trunk and medial cord of the brachial plexus, ulnar nerveRecording Site: Abductor Digiti Minimi muscle (ADM)Reference Site: Base of little fingerGround: Palm or top of handStimulation Sites: Wrist, below elbow and above elbow... Ulnar Motor Nerve - Recording the First Dorsal Interosseous (FDI) Origin: C8-T1 roots, lower trunk and medial cord of the brachial plexus, ulnar nerveRecording Site: First Dorsal Interosseous (FDI or 1st DI)Reference Site: Base of thumbGround: Palm or Top of HandStimulation Site: Wrist, below elbow and above elbow... Median and Ulnar motor nerves- Recording the 2nd Lumbrical and interossei Origin: Median – C8-T1 roots, lower trunk and medial cord of the brachial plexus, median nerve.Ulnar – C8-T1 roots, lower trunk and medial cord of the brachial plexus, ulnar nerve.Recording Site: Palm, between the 2nd and 3rd metacarpal bones.Reference... Radial Motor Nerve - Recording the Extenor Digitorum Communis (EDC) Origin: C7-C8 roots, middle and lower trunk and posterior cord of the brachial plexus, radial nerve.Recording Site: Extensor Digitorum Communis muscle (EDC)Reference Site: Above the wristGround: Medial forearmStimulation Sites: Elbow and arm (below... Musculocutaneous Motor Nerve - recording the Biceps Origin: C5-6 roots, upper trunk and lateral cord of the brachial plexus, Musculocutaneous nerve.Recording Site: Biceps muscleReference Site: Distal upper armGround: Upper armStimulation Site: Axilla and Erb’s point.Procedure: The recording electrode... Musculocutaneous Motor Nerve - recording the Biceps Upper ExtremityLower Extremity Motor NervesSensory Nerves All NervesSpecial Studies Axillary Motor Nerve - recording the Deltoid Origin: C5-6 roots, upper trunk and posterior cord of the brachial plexus, axillary nerve.Recording Site: Deltoid muscleReference Site: Distal upper armGround: ShoulderStimulation Sites: Erb’s PointProcedure: The recording electrode is placed... Spinal Accessory Motor Nerve - recording the Trapezius Origin: C2-C4 roots, cervical plexus, spinal accessory nerve.Recording Site: TrapeziusReference Site: ShoulderGround: Upper backStimulation Site: Posterior neckProcedure: The recording electrode is placed on the belly of the trapezius muscle. ... Sural Sensory Nerve - recording behind the Lateral Malleolus (antidromic) Sural Sensory Nerve (antidromic)Origin: S1 root, sacral plexus, sciatic nerve, tibial nerve.Recording Site: Lateral MalleolusReference Site: Side of the footGround: Top of footStimulation Site: Back of lower legProcedure: The patient should be... Superficial Peroneal Sensory Nerve - recording anterior to the Lateral Malleolus (antidromic) Origin: L5 root, sacral plexus, sciatic nerve, peroneal nerve.Recording Site: Lateral lower leg (bar electrode)Reference Site: Lateral lower leg (bar electrode)Ground: Medial lower legStimulation: Lateral lower legProcedure: The recording and reference... Saphenous Sensory Nerve – recording anterior to the Medial Malleolus (antidromic) Origin: L3-4 roots, lumbar plexus, femoral nerveRecording Site: Lower calf at ankle (bar electrode)Reference Site: Lower calf at ankle (bar electrode)Ground: Lower legStimulation Site: CalfProcedure: The recording and reference electrodes (bar... Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Sensory Nerve - recording the lateral thigh (antidromic) Origin: L2-3 roots, lumbar plexusRecording Site: Anterolateral thigh (bar electrode)Reference Site: Thigh (bar electrode)Ground Site: ThighStimulation Site: Iliac crestProcedure: The recording and reference electrodes (bar electrode) is placed 12cm down from the iliac crest... Medial and Lateral Plantar Mixed Nerves (orthodromic) Medial and Lateral Plantar Mixed Nerves (orthodromic)Origin: S1 root, sacral plexus, sciatic nerve, tibial nerveRecording Site: Ankle (bar electrode)Reference Site: Ankle (bar electrode)Ground: Top of footStimulation Site: ... Peroneal Motor Nerve - recording the Extensor Digitorum Brevis Origin: L5-S1 roots, sacral plexus, sciatic nerve, peroneal nerveRecording Site: Extensor Digitorum Brevis muscle (EDB)Reference Site: Top of foot below the 4th and 5th toesGround: Top of footStimulation Sites: Ankle, below fibular neck and kneeProcedure: ... Peroneal Motor Nerve - recording the Tibialis Anterior Origin: L4-L5 roots, sacral plexus, sciatic nerve, peroneal nerveRecording Site: Tibialis Anterior muscle (TA)Reference Site: Top of AnkleGround: Medial lower legStimulation Sites: Below the fibular head and kneeProcedure: The recording electrode is placed over the belly of the TA... Tibial Motor Nerve - recording the Abductor Hallucis Origin: S1-S2 roots, sacral plexus, sciatic nerve, tibial nerve.Recording Site: Abductor Hallucis muscle (AH)Reference Site: Base of big toeGround: Top of footStimulation Sites: Ankle and kneeProcedure: The recording electrode is placed over the belly of the AH... Tibial Motor Nerve - recording the Abductor Digiti Quinti Pedis Origin: S1-S2 roots, sacral plexus, sciatic nerve, tibial nerveRecording Site: Abductor Digiti Quinti Pedis muscle (ADQP)Reference Site: Top of foot below 5th toeGround: Top of footStimulation Site: Ankle Procedure: The recording electrode is placed over the belly of the ADQP... Femoral Motor Nerve - recording the Rectus Femoris. Origin: L2-L4 roots, lumbar plexus, femoral nerveRecording Site: Rectus Femoris muscle (Rec Fem)Reference Site: Distal thighGround: Medial thighStimulation Site: GroinProcedure: The recording electrode is placed over the belly of the Rec Fem. ... H-Reflex - recording the Soleus Origin: S1, sacral plexus, sciatic nerve, tibial nerve.Recording Site: Soleus Reference Site: Achilles tendon, just above the ankleGround: Back of leg, halfway between the knee and recording site Procedure: The patient should be placed in the prone... Facial Motor Nerve – recording the Orbicularis Oculi Origin: Brainstem facial nucleus, facial nerveRecording Site: Orbicularis OculiReference Site: Outer canthusGround: ForeheadStimulation Site: Front of Lower ear.Procedure: The recording electrode is placed over the orbicularis oculi muscles, midpoint, just below the lower lid... Blink Reflexes – recording the Orbicularis Oculi Origin: Brainstem nuclei, facial nerves, trigeminal nervesRecording Site: Orbicularis OculiReference Site: Lateral orbit or side of noseGround: ForeheadStimulation Site: Supraorbital notchProcedure: The recording electrode is placed over the orbicularis oculi... F-Waves The most common routine F-wave responses are recorded from the Median (APB), Ulnar (ADM), Peroneal (EDB) and the Tibial (AH) motor nerves. However, F-waves can be recorded from any motor nerve. F-waves vary in amplitude and latency and may not be recorded following every stimulation... Repetitive Nerve Stimulation for Myasthenia Gravis (post-synaptic neuromuscular junction defect) The most common slow repetitive stimulation studies are recorded from the Median (APB), Ulnar (ADM), Spinal Accessory (Trapezius) and the Facial (Orbicularis Oculi) motor nerves. However, myasthenia gravis repetitive stimulation studies can be performed on any motor point... Repetitive Stimulation for Lambert-Eaton Syndrome (pre-synaptic neuromuscular junction defect) The most common rapid repetitive stimulation studies are recorded from the Median (APB) or Ulnar (ADM) motor nerves. However, rapid repetitive stimulation studies can be performed on any motor nerve.After performing the routine motor nerve conduction study... Normal Value Disclaimer Please be awere that each lab may have its own normal values. These can vary based upon age, temperature, technique and equipment.Age generally leads to a lower amplitude and a prolonged distal latency. Temperature has significant effects on nerve conduction studies... Median Sensory Study to Index (image) Deep anatomy of the right hand (image) Superfical anatomy of the right hand. (image) Median Sensory Nerve - middle (antidromic) (image) Superfical anatomy of the right hand. (image) Deep anatomy of the right hand (image) Median Sensory Nerve – thumb (antidromic (image) Deep anatomy of the right hand (image) Superfical anatomy of the right hand. (image) Ulnar Sensory Nerve (antidromic) (image) Superficial Anatomy of the Right Hand (image) Radial Sensory Nerve (antidromic) (image) Median Sensory Nerve - Ring Finger (antidromic) (image) Superfical nerves of the hand. (image) Deep anatomy of the right hand (image) Ulnar Sensory Nerve – Ring Finger (antidromic) (image) Median Palmar Mixed Nerve (orthodromic) (image) Ulnar Palmar Mixed Nerve (orthodromic) (image) Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Sensory Nerve (antidromic) (image) Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Sensory Nerve (image) Brachial Plexus (image) Medial Antebrachial Cutaneous Sensory Nerve – Forearm (antidromic) (image) Question on Upper Extremity Nerve Conduction Study normal values 425 Median Motor Study - Recording the Abductor Pollicis Brevis (image) Ulnar Motor Nerve - Recording the Abductor Digiti Minimi (ADM) (image) Ulnar Motor Nerve - Recording the First Dorsal Interosseous (FDI) (image) Median and Ulnar motor nerves- Recording the 2nd Lumbrical and interossei (image) Radial Motor Nerve - Recording the Extenor Digitorum Communis (EDC) (image) Musculocutaneous Motor Nerve - recording the Biceps (image) Axillary Motor Nerve - recording the Deltoid (image) Axillary Motor Nerve - Anatomy (image) Brachial Plexus (image) Anterior view of the cutaneous nerves of the upper extremity. (image) Spinal Accessory Motor Nerve - recording the Trapezius (image) Sural Sensory Nerve - recording behind the Lateral Malleolus (antidromic) (image) Superficial Peroneal Sensory Nerve - recording anterior to the Lateral Malleolus (antidromic) (image) Saphenous Sensory Nerve – recording anterior to the Medial Malleolus (antidromic) Origin: L3-4 roots, lumbar plexus, femoral nerveRecording Site: Lower calf at ankle (bar electrode)Reference Site: Lower calf at ankle (bar electrode)Ground: Lower legStimulation Site: CalfProcedure: The recording and reference electrodes... Saphenous Sensory Nerve – recording anterior to the Medial Malleolus (antidromic) (image) Saphenous Nerve – Sensory distribution (image) Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Sensory Nerve – recording the lateral thigh (antidromic) (image) Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Sensory Nerve Anatomy (image) Question on Upper Extremity Nerve Conduction Study normal values 425 Saphenous Nerve – Sensory distribution with arrow (image) Saphenous Nerve – Sensory distribution (image) Inienecephaly, dorsal view of fetus (image) Polyglucosan body disease, intramuscular nerve twig, H&E stained x 400 (image) Unstructured mini-core, electron micrograph (image) Normal skeletal muscle, H&E stained section of paraffin embedded tissue x 100 (image) Normal skeletal muscle, H&E stained frozen section x 100 (image) Leukemic infiltration of peripheral nerve (image) Normal skeletal muscle, ATPase stain x 100 (image) Normal skeletal muscle, cytochrome oxidase stain x 100 (image) All Muscles Muscles: abductor digiti minimi abductor pollicis brevis anconeus biceps brachii brachioradialis cervical paraspinal muscles deltoid extensor carpi radialis longus extensor carpi ulnaris extensor digitorum ... Semitendonosus Muscle Name: semitendonosusAKA: musculus semitendinosusAbbreviation: STSpinal Nerve Roots: L4 L5 S1Plexus: lumbosacral plexusNamed Nerves: sciatic nerve (tibial division)Proximal Attachment: ischial tuberosityDistal Attachment: ... Semimembranosus Muscle Name: semimembranosusAKA: musculus semimembranosusAbbreviation: SMSpinal Nerve Roots: L4 L5 S1Plexus: lumbosacral plexusNamed Nerves: sciatic nerve (tibial division)Proximal Attachment: Ischial tuberosityDistal Attachment: ... Rectus Femoris Muscle Name: rectus femorisAKA: Abbreviation: RFSpinal Nerve Roots: L2 L3 L4Plexus: lumbar plexusNamed Nerves: femoral nerveProximal Attachment: Anterior inferior iliac spine and the acetabulumDistal Attachment: Patellar tendonAction:... Peroneus Longus Muscle Name: peroneus longusAKA: musculus peroneus longusAbbreviation: PLSpinal Nerve Roots: L5 S1Plexus: lumbosacral plexusNamed Nerves: superficial peroneal nerve common peroneal nerve sciatic nerveProximal Attachment: ... Iliacus Muscle Name: iliacusAKA: musculus iliacusAbbreviation: IPSpinal Nerve Roots: L2 L3 L4Plexus: lumbar plexusNamed Nerves: femoral nerveProximal Attachment: Iliiac fossaDistal Attachment: Lesser trochanter of the femurAction: Flexion... Gluteus Maximus Muscle Name: gluteus maximusAKA: musculus gluteus maximusAbbreviation: GMAXSpinal Nerve Roots: L5 S1 S2Plexus: lumbosacral plexusNamed Nerves: inferior gluteal nerveProximal Attachment: Gluteal surface of ilium, lumbar... Gluteus Medius Muscle Name: gluteus mediusAKA: musculus gluteus medius Abbreviation: GMEDSpinal Nerve Roots: L4 L5 S1Plexus: lumbosacral plexusNamed Nerves: superior gluteal nerveProximal Attachment: The gluteal surface of the ilium, deep to the gluteus maximus... Gastrocnemius - Medial Head Muscle Name: gastrocnemius - medial headAKA: Abbreviation: MGSpinal Nerve Roots: S1 S2Plexus: lumbosacral plexusNamed Nerves: tibial nerve sciatic nerveProximal Attachment: Medial condyle of the femur.Distal Attachment: CalcaneusAction:... Gastrocnemius - Lateral Head Muscle Name: gastrocnemius - lateral headAKA: Abbreviation: LGSpinal Nerve Roots: S1 S2Plexus: lumbosacral plexusNamed Nerves: tibial nerve sciatic nerveProximal Attachment: Lateral condyle of the femurDistal Attachment: CalcaneusAction:... Flexor Digitorum Longus Muscle Name: flexor digitorum longusAKA: Abbreviation: FDLSpinal Nerve Roots: L5 S1Plexus: lumbosacral plexusNamed Nerves: tibial nerve sciatic nerveProximal Attachment: Posterior surface of the tibia.Distal Attachment: Base... Extensor Hallucis Longus Muscle Name: extensor hallucis longusAKA: musculus extensor hallucis longusAbbreviation: EHLSpinal Nerve Roots: L4 L5 S1Plexus: lumbosacral plexusNamed Nerves: deep peroneal nerve common peroneal nerve sciatic nerveProximal... Biceps Femoris - Short Head Muscle Name: biceps femoris - short headAKA: Abbreviation: BF-SHSpinal Nerve Roots: L5 S1Plexus: lumbosacral plexusNamed Nerves: sciatic nerve (peroneal division)Proximal Attachment: Lateral edge of the linea aspera and the upper portion of the supracondylar line... Biceps Femoris - Long Head Muscle Name: biceps femoris - long headAKA: musculus biceps femoris longusAbbreviation: BF-LHSpinal Nerve Roots: L5 S1Plexus: lumbosacral plexusNamed Nerves: sciatic nerve (tibial division)Proximal Attachment: ischial tuberosity and... Adductor Longus Muscle Name: adductor longusAKA: Abbreviation: ALSpinal Nerve Roots: L2 L3 L4Plexus: lumbar plexusNamed Nerves: obturator nerveProximal Attachment: pubic crestDistal Attachment: into the mid lenea aspera between the adductor... Clival chordoma, H&E stain x 400 (image) Chordoma (clivus), H&E stain x 100 (image) Non-neoplastic choroid plexus, H&E stain x 400 (image) Choroid plexus papilloma, H&E stain x 400 (image) Papillary tumor of the pineal region, H&E stain x 400 (image) Meningioma, H&E stain x 200 (image) Rosetted glioneuronal tumor of the fourth ventricle, low power view (image) Rosetted glial neuronal tumor of the fourth ventricle, H&E x 200 (image) Pilomyxoid astrocytoma, H&E stain x 400 (image) Pilomyxoid astrocytoma, H&E stain x 200 (image) Pilocytic astrocytoma, intraoperative smear preparation. (image) Meningeal hemangiopericytoma (image) Microcystic meningioma with adherent brain parenchymal tissue (image) Homer Wright rosettes, synaptophysin immunohistochemical staining x 200 (image) Angiocentric glioma, vimentin immunohistochemical staining (image) Astroblastomatous rosettes, H&E stain X 600 (image) Anaplastic giant cell ependymoma, H&E stain x 200 (image) Amyloid beta related angiitis, H&E stained x 100 (image) Amyloid beta related angiitis, H. and E. stain x 400 (image) Anaplastic ependymoma, H&E x 400 (image) Anaplastic ependymoma, microvascular proliferation. (image) Named Nerves Axillary Nerve Femoral Nerve Gluteal Nerve Inferior Gluteal Nerve Superior Gluteal Nerve Obturator nerve Median Nerve Musculocutaneous Nerve Peroneal Nerve Common Peroneal... Test (image) Lower Extremity abductor digiti quinti pedis abductor hallucis brevis adductor longus biceps femoris - long head biceps femoris - short head extensor digitorum brevis extensor digitorum longus extensor hallucis longus ... Sciatic Nerve abductor digiti quinti pedis - Tibial Divisionabductor hallucis brevis - Tibial Divisionbiceps femoris - long head - Tibial Divisionbiceps femoris - short head - Peroneal Divisionextensor digitorum brevis - Peroneal Divisionextensor digitorum longus - Peroneal... Tibial Nerve abductor digiti quinti pedisabductor hallucis brevisflexor digitorum longusflexor hallucis brevis gastrocnemius - lateral headgastrocnemius - medial head soleustibialis posterior Lateral Plantar Nerve abductor digiti quinti pedis Superficial Peroneal Nerve peroneus longus Deep Peroneal Nerve extensor digitorum brevisextensor digitorum longus extensor hallucis longustibialis anterior Common Peroneal Nerve extensor digitorum brevisextensor digitorum longusextensor hallucis longus peroneus longustibialis anterior Femoral Nerve iliopsoasiliopsoasvastus lateralis vastus medialis Inferior Gluteal Nerve gluteus maximus Superior Gluteal Nerve gluteus mediustensor fasciae latae Medial Plantar Nerve abductor hallucis brevisflexor hallucis brevis Obturator Nerve adductor longus Extensor Digitorum Brevis Muscle Name: extensor digitorum brevisAKA: musculus extensor digitorum brevisAbbreviation: EDBSpinal Nerve Roots: L4 L5 S1Plexus: lumbosacral plexusNamed Nerves: deep peroneal nerve common peroneal nerve sciatic nerveProximal... Abductor Hallucis Brevis Muscle Name: abductor hallucis brevisAKA: musculus abductor hallucisAbbreviation: AHBSpinal Nerve Roots: S1 S2Plexus: lumbosacral plexusNamed Nerves: medial plantar nerve tibial nerve sciatic nerveProximal Attachment: Tuberosity... Abductor Digiti Quinti Pedis Muscle Name: abductor digiti quinti pedisAKA: Abductor digiti minimi pedis, Abductor minimi digiti, Abductor digiti quinti, musculus abductor digiti minimi pedisAbbreviation: ADQPSpinal Nerve Roots: S1 S2Plexus: lumbosacral plexusNamed Nerves: ... Tensor Fasciae Latae Muscle Name: tensor fasciae lataeAKA: Abbreviation: TFLSpinal Nerve Roots: L4 L5 S1Plexus: lumbosacral plexusNamed Nerves: superior gluteal nerveProximal Attachment: Distal Attachment: Action: ...Needle Insertion: ...Activation for EMG: Pitfalls: Notes: L2 adductor longusiliopsoas vastus lateralis vastus medialis L3 adductor longusiliopsoas vastus lateralisvastus medialis L4 adductor longus extensor hallucis longus gluteus medius iliopsoasiliopsoas semimembranosus semitendonosus tibialis anterior vastus lateralis vastus medialis tensor fasciae latae L5 biceps femoris - long head biceps femoris - short head extensor hallucis longusflexor digitorum longus gastrocnemius - lateral head gluteus mediusgluteus maximus peroneus longus semimembranosussemitendonosus tibialis anteriortibialis posterior tensor fasciae latae S2 abductor digiti quinti pedisabductor hallucis brevisgastrocnemius - lateral headgastrocnemius - medial head gluteus maximussoleus Vastus Lateralis Muscle Name: vastus lateralisAKA: Abbreviation: VLSpinal Nerve Roots: L2 L3 L4Plexus: lumbar plexusNamed Nerves: femoral nerveProximal Attachment: Distal Attachment: Action: ...Needle Insertion: ...Activation for EMG: Pitfalls: Notes: Spinal Nerve Roots Choose A Spinal Segment: Cervical: C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 Thoracic: T1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 Lumbar: L1 L2 L3 L4 ... Tibialis Anterior Muscle Name: tibialis anteriorAKA: Abbreviation: TASpinal Nerve Roots: L4 L5Plexus: lumbosacral plexusNamed Nerves: deep peroneal nerve common peroneal nerve sciatic nerveProximal Attachment: Distal Attachment: Action: ... Extensor Digitorum Longus Muscle Name: extensor digitorum longusAKA: musculus extensor digitorum longusAbbreviation: EDLSpinal Nerve Roots: L4 L5 S1 Plexus: lumbosacral plexusNamed Nerves: deep peroneal nerve common peroneal nerve sciatic nerveProximal... Flexor Hallucis Brevis Muscle Name: flexor hallucis brevisAKA: musculus flexor hallucis brevisAbbreviation: FHBSpinal Nerve Roots: S1 S2Plexus: lumbosacral plexusNamed Nerves: medial plantar nerve tibial nerve sciatic nerveProximal Attachment: ... Soleus Muscle Name: soleusAKA: Abbreviation: SOLSpinal Nerve Roots: S1 S2Plexus: lumbosacral plexusNamed Nerves: tibial nerve sciatic nerveProximal Attachment: Distal Attachment: Action: ...Needle Insertion: ...Activation for EMG: Pitfalls: Notes: Tibialis Posterior Muscle Name: tibialis posteriorAKA: Abbreviation: TPSpinal Nerve Roots: L5 S1Plexus: lumbosacral plexusNamed Nerves: tibial nerve sciatic nerveProximal Attachment: Distal Attachment: Action: ...Needle Insertion: ...Activation for EMG: Pitfalls: Notes: Vastus Medialis Muscle Name: vastus medialisAKA: Abbreviation: VMSpinal Nerve Roots: L2 L3 L4Plexus: lumbar plexusNamed Nerves: femoral nerveProximal Attachment: Distal Attachment: Action: ...Needle Insertion: ...Activation for EMG: Pitfalls: Notes: Lumbosacral Plexus Lumbar Plexus Sciatic Nerve (Peroneal Division) Sciatic Nerve (Tibial Division) Pectoralis Major EMG technique (video) Sternocleidomastoid Muscle Name: sternocleidomastoidAKA: Abbreviation: SCM Spinal Nerve Roots:Brachial Plexus Trunks: NABrachial Plexus Cords: NA Named Nerves: Accessory nerve Proximal Attachment: Distal Attachment: Action: Needle Insertion: ... Serratus Anterior (image) Serratus Anterior Muscle Name: serratus anteriorAKA: Abbreviation: Spinal Nerve Roots: C5 C6 C7Brachial Plexus Trunks: NABrachial Plexus Cords: NANamed Nerves: long thoracic nerve Proximal Attachment: Surface of the upper 8 ribs.Distal Attachment: ... Rhomboid Muscle Name: RhomboidAKA: musculus rhomboideus majorAbbreviation: Spinal Nerve Roots: C4 C5Brachial Plexus Trunks: NABrachial Plexus Cords: NA Named Nerves: dorsal scapular nerve Proximal Attachment: Spinous processes of the T2 to... Rhomboids highlighted. (image) Rhomboid (image) Triceps Muscle Name: tricepsAKA: musculus triceps brachiiAbbreviation: Spinal Nerve Roots: C6 C7 C8Brachial Plexus Trunks: upper trunk middle trunk lower trunkBrachial Plexus Cords: posterior cordNamed Nerves: radial nerveProximal... Pectoralis Major Muscle Name: pectoralis majorAKA: Musculus pectoralis majorAbbreviation: Spinal Nerve Roots: C5 C6 C7 C8 T1 Brachial Plexus Trunks: upper trunk middle trunk lower trunkBrachial Plexus Cords: medial cord... Pectoralis Major (image) Latissimis dorsi highlighted (image) Latissimus Dorsi (image) Latissimus Dorsi Muscle Name: latissimus dorsi AKA: musculus latissimus dorsiAbbreviation: Spinal Nerve Roots: C6 C7 C8 Brachial Plexus Trunks: upper trunk middle trunk lower trunkBrachial Plexus Cords: posterior cordNamed Nerves: ... Infraspinatus Muscle Name: InfraspinatusAKA: Abbreviation: Spinal Nerve Roots: C5 C6Brachial Plexus Trunks: upperBrachial Plexus Cords: NANamed Nerves: suprascapular nerve Proximal Attachment: infraspinous fossa of the scapulaDistal Attachment: ... Supraspinatous nerve with arrow (image) Supraspinatous nerve (image) This cartoon shows the infraspinaous muscles highlighted. (image) Muscles connecting the upper extremity to the vertebral column. (image) Cervical Paraspinal Muscles Muscle Name: cervical paraspinal musclesAKA: Abbreviation: Spinal Nerve Roots: Innervated by the dorsal rami of the corresponding spinal level.Brachial Plexus Trunks: NABrachial Plexus Cords: NA Named Nerves: NA Attachment:... EMG Tutorial A searchable, illustrated tutorial for electrodiagnsotic studies, by Steven Arbogat, D.O., and J. Douglas Miles, M.D., Ph.D.This tutorial covers both nerve conduction studies (NCS) and electromyography (EMG). We have attempted to organize the tutorial in a... MSA Hot Cross Bun sign with arrow (image) MSA Hot Cross Bun sign 2 with arrow (image) MSA Hot Cross Bun sign 2 (image) MSA Hot Cross Bun sign (image) Upper Trapezius EMG Technique (video) Trapezius Muscle Name: trapeziusAKA: Abbreviation: Spinal Nerve Roots: Brachial Plexus Trunks:Brachial Plexus Cords: Named Nerves: Proximal Attachment: Distal Attachment: Action: Needle Insertion: Activation for EMG: Pitfalls: Notes: Teres Minor EMG Technique (video) Teres Minor Muscle Name: teres minorAKA: Abbreviation: Spinal Nerve Roots: C5 C6Brachial Plexus Trunks: upper trunkBrachial Plexus Cords: posterior cordNamed Nerves: axillary nerveProximal Attachment: Distal Attachment: Action: ... Supraspinatus EMG Technique (video) Supraspinatus Muscle Name: supraspinatusAKA: Abbreviation: Spinal Nerve Roots: Brachial Plexus Trunks:Brachial Plexus Cords: Named Nerves: Proximal Attachment: Distal Attachment: Action: Needle Insertion: Activation for EMG: Pitfalls: Notes: Sternocleidomastoid EMG Technique (video) Serratus Anterior EMG Technique (video) Latissimus Dorsi EMG Technique (video) Infraspinatus activation Technique (video) Infraspinatus EMG Technique (video) Lower Cervical Paraspinal Muscles EMG Technique (video) Middle Cervical Paraspinal Muscles EMG Technique (video) Upper Cervical Paraspinal Muscles EMG Technique (video) Posterior Deltoid EMG Technique - Method 2 (video) Posterior Deltoid EMG Technique - Method 1 (video) Anterior Deltoid EMG Technique (video) Rhomboid EMG Technique (video) Pronator Quadratus Muscle Name: pronator quadratusAKA: musculus pronator quadratusAbbreviation: PQSpinal Nerve Roots: C7 C8 T1Brachial Plexus Trunks: middle trunk lower trunkBrachial Plexus Cords: medial cord lateral cordNamed Nerves: ... Anterior view of the cutaneous nerves of the upper extremity. (image) Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Sensory Nerve - recording the lateral thigh (antidromic) Origin: L2-3 roots, lumbar plexusRecording Site: Anterolateral thigh (bar electrode)Reference Site: Thigh (bar electrode)Ground Site: ThighStimulation Site: Iliac crestProcedure: The recording and reference electrodes (bar electrode) is placed 12cm down from the iliac crest... Cutaneous nerves of the right lower extremity. (image) Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Sensory Nerve – Anatomy (image) Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Sensory Nerve Anatomy (image) Brachial Plexus (image) Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Sensory Nerve (image) Lumbar Plexus diagram. (image) Lumbar Plexus (image) Femoral Nerve - Anatomy (image) Facial Nerve (image) Brachial Plexus (image) Axillary Motor Nerve - Anatomy (image) Facial Mononeuropathy/Bell’s Palsy Facial Mononeuropathy/Bell’s PalsyNerve Recording Sites Stimulation SitesFacial (m) bilat Orbicularis Oculi earBlink Reflexes bilat Orbicularis Oculi supraorbital notchNeedle ExaminationPerform... Phrenic Mononeuropathy Phrenic MononeuropathyNerve Recording Sites Stimulation SitesPhrenic (m) bilat xyphoid process anterior neckNeedle ExaminationNeedle exam is not usually performed. Myopathy MyopathyNerve Recording Sites Stimulation Sites F-WavesMedian (s) index wrist orRadial (s) thumb forearmMedian... Peripheral Neuropathy/Motor Neuron Disease Peripheral Neuropathy/Motor Neuron DiseaseNerve Recording Sites Stimulation Sites F-WavesMedian (s) index and middle wristUlnar (s) 5th wristRadial... Lumbosacral Plexopathy Lumbosacral PlexopathyNerve Recording Sites Stimulation Sites F-WavesSural (s) bilat ankle calfSup Peron (s) bilat ankle lat legPeroneal... Sciatic Mononeuropathy Needle ExaminationPerform needle exam on the symptomatic limb. Test the minimum of once muscle innervated by the L2, L3, L4, L5 and S1 spinal roots (see Appendix C). Test the lumbosacral paraspinal muscles at one or more levels.If abnormalities are detected,... Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome arsal Tunnel SyndromeNerve Recording Sites Stimulation Sites F-Waves Sural (s) ankle calfSup Peron (s) ankle lat legMed Plantar(s) bilat ... Femoral Mononeuropathy Femoral MononeuropathyNerve Recording Sites Stimulation Sites F-WavesSural (s) ankle calfSup Peron (s) ankle lat legSaphenous (s) bilat ... Peroneal Mononeuropathy Peroneal MononeuropathyNerve Recording Sites Stimulation Sites F-WavesSural (s) ankle calfSup Peron (s) bilat ankle lat legPeroneal... Routine Lower Extremity Back/Leg Pain and Lumbosacral Root Search LOWER EXTREMITYRoutine Lower Extremity Back/Leg Pain and Lumbosacral Root SearchNerve Recording Sites Stimulation Sites F-WavesSural (s) ankle calf Sup Peron... Other Upper Extremity Mononeuropathies (Axillary, Musculocutaneous, Suprascapular, Spinal Accessory, etc…) Nerve Conductions Studies Median sensory recording the index and middle fingers.Ulnar sensory recording the ring finger. Radial sensory recording the dorsal thumb.Lateral antebrachial cutaneous sensory recording the forearm.Median motor recording the abductor pollicis brevis with F-Waves... Radial Mononeuropathy Nerve Conductions Studies Median sensory recording the index and middle fingers. Ulnar sensory recording the ring finger. Radial sensory recording the bilateral dorsal thumbs.Median motor recording the abductor pollicis brevis with F-Waves.Ulnar motor recording... Neck/Arm pain and root search Nerve Conductions StudiesMedian sensory recording the index and middle fingers. Ulnar sensory recording the ring finger. Radial sensory recording the dorsal thumb.Median motor recording the abductor pollicis brevis with F-Waves.Ulnar motor recording the... Ulnar Mononeuropathy Median sensory recording index and middle fingers.Ulnar sensory recording the llittle finger.Radial sensory recording the dorsal thumb.Dorsal Ulnar sensory recording the dorsum of the handMedian motor recording the abductor pollicis brevis with F-Waves... All Nerves A list of all nerves commonly tested in alphabetic order.Axillary Axillary Motor Nerve - recording the DeltoidBlink Blink Reflexes – recording the Orbicularis OculiF-waves F-WavesFacial Facial Motor Nerve – recording the Orbicularis OculiFemoralFemoral... Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Nerve Conductions StudiesMedian sensory recording the index and middle fingers. Ulnar sensory recording the llittle finger.Radial sensory recording the dorsal thumb. Median motor recording the abductor pollicis brevis with F-Waves. Ulnar motormotor recording... Sensory Nerves Lateral Antebrachial CutaneousLateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Sensory Nerve - Forearm(antidromic) Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Sensory Nerve – recording the lateral thigh (antidromic)Medial Antebrachia; Cutaneous Medial Antebrachial... Brachial Plexopathy (including Thoracic Outlet Syndrome) Brachial Plexopathy (including Thoracic Outlet Syndrome)Median sensory recording the bilateral index and middle fingers.Median sensory recording the bilateral thumbs.Ulnar sensory recording the bilateral llittle fingers.Radial sensory recording the bilateral dorsal thumbs... Nerve Conduction Studies All Nerves Upper Extremity Nerve Conduction Studies Lower Extremity Nerve Conductions Motor Nerve Conduction Studies Sensory Nerves Special Studies These are studies not performed on a regular basis, including facial motor responses, repetitive... Special Studies Blink Blink Reflexes – recording the Orbicularis OculiF-waves F-WavesFacial Facial Motor Nerve – recording the Orbicularis OculiH-ReflexH-Reflex - recording the SoleusRepetitive Stimulation Repetitive Nerve Stimulation for Myasthenia Gravis (post-synaptic... Upper Extremity Nerve Conduction Studies MotorAxillary Motor Nerve - recording the Deltoid Median and Ulnar motor nerves- Recording the 2nd Lumbrical and interossei Median Motor Study - Recording the Abductor Pollicis Brevis Musculocutaneous Motor Nerve - recording the Biceps Radial Motor Nerve... Lower Extremity Nerve Conductions SensoryLateral Femoral Cutaneous Sensory Nerve – recording the lateral thigh (antidromic)Saphenous Sensory Nerve – recording anterior to the Medial Malleolus (antidromic)Superficial Peroneal Sensory Nerve - recording anterior to the Lateral Malleolus (antidromic) ... Motor Nerve Conduction Studies Axillary Axillary Motor Nerve - recording the DeltoidFacial Facial Motor Nerve – recording the Orbicularis OculiFemoralFemoral Motor Nerve - recording the Rectus FemorisMedian Median Palmar Mixed Nerve (orthodromic) Median Motor Study - Recording the Abductor... Median Sensory Nerve - Recording the index finger (antidromic) Origin: C6-C7 roots, upper and middle trunk and lateral cord of the brachial plexus, median nerveRecording Site: Index fingerReference Site: Index fingerGround: Palm or top of handStimulation Site: WristProcedure: The recording electrode is placed on the proximal phalanx of the index finger... Median Sensory Nerve - Recording the middle finger (antidromic) Median Sensory Nerve - middle (antidromic)Origin: C7 root, middle trunk and lateral cord of the brachial plexus, median nerveRecording Site: Middle fingerReference Site: Middle fingerGround: Palm or top of handStimulation Site: WristProcedure: ... Median Sensory Nerve - Recording the thumb (antidromic) Origin: C6-C7 root, upper and middle trunk and lateral cord of the brachial plexus, median nerve.Recording Site: ThumbReference Site: ThumbGround: Palm or top of handStimulation Site: WristProcedure: The recording electrode is placed on the proximal phalanx of the thumb... Ulnar Sensory Nerve - Recording the little finger (antidromic) Origin: C8 root, lower trunk and lateral cord of the brachial plexus, ulnar nerveRecording Site: Little fingerReference Site: Little fingerGround: Palm or top of handStimulation Site: Wrist Procedure: The recording electrode is placed on the proximal phalange of the little finger... Normal Value Disclaimer Please be awere that each lab may have its own normal values. These can vary based upon age, temperature, technique and equipment.Age generally leads to a lower amplitude and a prolonged distal latency. Temperature has significant effects on nerve conduction studies... Repetitive Stimulation for Lambert-Eaton Syndrome (pre-synaptic neuromuscular junction defect) The most common rapid repetitive stimulation studies are recorded from the Median (APB) or Ulnar (ADM) motor nerves. However, rapid repetitive stimulation studies can be performed on any motor nerve.After performing the routine motor nerve conduction study... Repetitive Nerve Stimulation for Myasthenia Gravis (post-synaptic neuromuscular junction defect) The most common slow repetitive stimulation studies are recorded from the Median (APB), Ulnar (ADM), Spinal Accessory (Trapezius) and the Facial (Orbicularis Oculi) motor nerves. However, myasthenia gravis repetitive stimulation studies can be performed on any motor point... F-Waves The most common routine F-wave responses are recorded from the Median (APB), Ulnar (ADM), Peroneal (EDB) and the Tibial (AH) motor nerves. However, F-waves can be recorded from any motor nerve. F-waves vary in amplitude and latency and may not be recorded following every stimulation... Blink Reflexes – recording the Orbicularis Oculi (image) Blink Reflexes – recording the Orbicularis Oculi Origin: Brainstem nuclei, facial nerves, trigeminal nervesRecording Site: Orbicularis OculiReference Site: Lateral orbit or side of noseGround: ForeheadStimulation Site: Supraorbital notchProcedure: The recording electrode is placed over the orbicularis oculi... Facial Motor Nerve – recording the Orbicularis Oculi (image) Facial Motor Nerve – recording the Orbicularis Oculi Origin: Brainstem facial nucleus, facial nerveRecording Site: Orbicularis OculiReference Site: Outer canthusGround: ForeheadStimulation Site: Front of Lower ear.Procedure: The recording electrode is placed over the orbicularis oculi muscles, midpoint, just below the lower lid... H-Reflex - recording the Soleus Origin: S1, sacral plexus, sciatic nerve, tibial nerve.Recording Site: Soleus Reference Site: Achilles tendon, just above the ankleGround: Back of leg, halfway between the knee and recording site Procedure: The patient should be placed in the prone... H-Reflex - recording the Soleus (image) Femoral Motor Nerve - recording the Rectus Femoris. Origin: L2-L4 roots, lumbar plexus, femoral nerveRecording Site: Rectus Femoris muscle (Rec Fem)Reference Site: Distal thighGround: Medial thighStimulation Site: GroinProcedure: The recording electrode is placed over the belly of the Rec Fem. ... Femoral Motor Nerve - recording the Rectus Femoris. (image) Tibial Motor Nerve - recording the Abductor Digiti Quinti Pedis (image) Tibial Motor Nerve - recording the Abductor Digiti Quinti Pedis Origin: S1-S2 roots, sacral plexus, sciatic nerve, tibial nerveRecording Site: Abductor Digiti Quinti Pedis muscle (ADQP)Reference Site: Top of foot below 5th toeGround: Top of footStimulation Site: Ankle Procedure: The recording electrode is placed over the belly of the ADQP... Tibial Motor Nerve - recording the Abductor Hallucis (image) Tibial Motor Nerve - recording the Abductor Hallucis Origin: S1-S2 roots, sacral plexus, sciatic nerve, tibial nerve.Recording Site: Abductor Hallucis muscle (AH)Reference Site: Base of big toeGround: Top of footStimulation Sites: Ankle and kneeProcedure: The recording electrode is placed over the belly of the AH... Peroneal Motor Nerve - recording the Tibialis Anterior (image) Peroneal Motor Nerve - recording the Tibialis Anterior Origin: L4-L5 roots, sacral plexus, sciatic nerve, peroneal nerveRecording Site: Tibialis Anterior muscle (TA)Reference Site: Top of AnkleGround: Medial lower legStimulation Sites: Below the fibular head and kneeProcedure: The recording electrode is placed over the belly of the TA... Peroneal Motor Nerve - recording the Extensor Digitorum Brevis (image) Peroneal Motor Nerve - recording the Extensor Digitorum Brevis Origin: L5-S1 roots, sacral plexus, sciatic nerve, peroneal nerveRecording Site: Extensor Digitorum Brevis muscle (EDB)Reference Site: Top of foot below the 4th and 5th toesGround: Top of footStimulation Sites: Ankle, below fibular neck and kneeProcedure: ... Medial and Lateral Plantar Mixed Nerves (orthodromic) (image) Medial and Lateral Plantar Mixed Nerves (orthodromic) Medial and Lateral Plantar Mixed Nerves (orthodromic)Origin: S1 root, sacral plexus, sciatic nerve, tibial nerveRecording Site: Ankle (bar electrode)Reference Site: Ankle (bar electrode)Ground: Top of footStimulation Site: ... Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Sensory Nerve – recording the lateral thigh (antidromic) (image) Saphenous Sensory Nerve – recording anterior to the Medial Malleolus (antidromic) (image) Saphenous Sensory Nerve – recording anterior to the Medial Malleolus (antidromic) Origin: L3-4 roots, lumbar plexus, femoral nerveRecording Site: Lower calf at ankle (bar electrode)Reference Site: Lower calf at ankle (bar electrode)Ground: Lower legStimulation Site: CalfProcedure: The recording and reference electrodes... Saphenous Sensory Nerve – recording anterior to the Medial Malleolus (antidromic) Origin: L3-4 roots, lumbar plexus, femoral nerveRecording Site: Lower calf at ankle (bar electrode)Reference Site: Lower calf at ankle (bar electrode)Ground: Lower legStimulation Site: CalfProcedure: The recording and reference electrodes (bar... Superficial Peroneal Sensory Nerve - recording anterior to the Lateral Malleolus (antidromic) (image) Superficial Peroneal Sensory Nerve - recording anterior to the Lateral Malleolus (antidromic) Origin: L5 root, sacral plexus, sciatic nerve, peroneal nerve.Recording Site: Lateral lower leg (bar electrode)Reference Site: Lateral lower leg (bar electrode)Ground: Medial lower legStimulation: Lateral lower legProcedure: The recording and reference... Sural Sensory Nerve - recording behind the Lateral Malleolus (antidromic) (image) Sural Sensory Nerve - recording behind the Lateral Malleolus (antidromic) Sural Sensory Nerve (antidromic)Origin: S1 root, sacral plexus, sciatic nerve, tibial nerve.Recording Site: Lateral MalleolusReference Site: Side of the footGround: Top of footStimulation Site: Back of lower legProcedure: The patient should be... Type 1 prion disease, whole mount section of medial temporal lobe and hippocampus, 3F4 immunohistochemical stain. (image) Gerstmann Straussler Scheinker disease, hippocampal formation, H&E stain, low-power (image) Gerstmann Straussler Scheinker disease, hippocampus, high power H&E (image) Type 1 prion disease, cerebellum, 3F4 immunohistochemical staining x 100 (image) Type 2 prion disease, cerebellum, 3F4 immunohistochemical staining x 100 (image) Type 1 prion disease, cerebellum, 3F4 immunohistochemical staining x 20 (image) Type 2 prion disease, H&E stained section of hippocampus. (image) Type 2 prion disease, cerebellum, 3F4 immunohistochemical staining x 20 (image) Type 1 prion disease, hippocampus, 3F4 immunohistochemical staining (image) Type 2 prion disease, immunohistochemical stains sectioned from hippocampus. (image) Type I prion disease, hippocampus, H&E stained section x 100 (image) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, H&E stain x 400 (image) Denervation atrophy of skeletal muscle, NADH-TR (image) Polymyositis, paraffin-embedded H&E stained section x 600 (image) Polymyositis,paraffin-embedded, H&E stained section 400x (image) Polymyositis, paraffin-embedded H. E. stained section x 200 (image) Polymyositis, immunohistochemical staining for CD68 x600 (image) Polymyositis, CD3 immunohistochemical staining x600 (image) Polymyositis, CD20 immunohistochemical staining x600 (image) Churg-Strauss arteritis, H&E stained section x 400 (image) Polymyositis, H&E stained section (image) Perivascular infiltrate, H&E stained paraffin embedded section x400 (image) Perivascular infiltrate, H&E stained section of paraffin embedded skeletal muscle x200 (image) Paraneoplastic myositis, H&E stained section (image) Dermatomyositis, H&E stained sections of paraffin embedded skeletal muscle (image) Dermatomyositis, H&E stained section of frozen skeletal muscle x 100 (image) Dermatomyositis, H&E stained section of paraffin embedded muscle x 200 (image) Dermatomyositis, H&E stained section of paraffin embedded skeletal muscle x 400 (image) Churg Strauss arteritis on muscle biopsy, H&E stained section x 40 (image) Churg strauss arteritis involving skeletal muscle, H&E stain x 100 (image) Churg-Strauss arteritis involving epimysial artery, H&E stain x 200 (image) Inclusion body myositis, Gomori trichrome stain x 400 (image) Inclusion body myositis, H&E stain x400 (image) Inclusion body myositis, H&E stain x200 (image) Inclusion body myositis, Gomori trichrome stain x400 (image) Inclusion body myositis, Gomori trichrome stain x 200 (image) Inclusion body myositis, SMI-31 immunohistochemical staining x400 (image) Inclusion body myositis, SMI-31 immunohistochemical staining x200 (image) Inclusion body myositis, SMI-31 immunohistochemical stain x 400 (image) Inclusion body myositis, Gomori trichrome stained frozen muscle x 200 (image) Inclusion body myositis, trichrome stain, low-power. (image) Myopathy with tubular aggregates, H&E stain x 200 (image) Myopathy with tubular aggregates, Gomori trichrome stain x 400. (image) Myopathy with tubular aggregates, NADH-TR histochemical staining x400 (image) Congenital Fiber Type Disproportion The defining feature of congenital fiber type disproportion (CFTD) is type 1 muscle fibers which are at least 12% smaller than type 2 muscle fibers. CNS abnormalities and developmental delay may be present. Severity of clinical weakness correlates with smallness of type 1 fibers... Centronuclear myopathy, H&E stained section of paraffin embedded skeletal muscle x 200 (image) Target fibers, NADH-TR histochemical stain (image) Central cord disease, NADH-TR histochemical stain (image) Central cord disease, cytochrome oxidase stain (image) Nemaline myopathy, trichrome stained frozen section of muscle x 200 (image) Nemaline myopathy, trichrome stain x 100 (image) Calpainopathy, paraffin-embedded H&E stained section x 600 (image) Calpainopathy, paraffin-embedded H&E stained section x 400 (image) Calpainopathy, paraffin-embedded H&E stained section of muscle x 200 (image) Calpainopathy, frozen section of muscle, H&E stain x 200. (image) Congenital muscular dystrophy, paraffin-embedded H&E stain x200 (image) Titinopathy, paraffin-embedded H&E stained section of muscle x 200 (image) Ring fibers, trichrome staining of muscle (image) Ring fibers, NADH-TR histochemical staining (image) Ring fibers, H&E stain section (image) Necrotizing myopathy in a patient with rhabdomyolysis, H&E stained section x 400 (image) Myofibrillary myopathy, H&E stained slide x 100 (image) Lewy Body, substantia nigra neuron x 400 (image) Classic Lewy body within locus ceruleus, H&E stained section x 600 (image) Multiple system atrophy, alpha synuclein immunohistochemical staining within dentate nucleus of cerebellum. (image) Extraneuronal Lewy bodies, H&E stain X 600 (image) Progressive supranuclear palsy, dentate nucleus of cerebellum, H. and E. stain x 200 (image) Classic Lewy body, H&E stain X600 (image) Corticalbasal ganglionic degeneration, coronal section of brain 3 thalamus and basal ganglia. (image) Amygdala, immunohistochemical staining for alpha synuclein (image) Cerebellar degeneration, H&E stained section x 20 (image) Spinocerebellar atrophy, H&E section through cerebellar folia x 40 (image) Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy, coronal section through frontal lobe and transverse sections through pons, medulla, and cerebellum. (image) End-stage Huntington disease, coronal section through basal ganglia and thalamus (image) Huntington disease, coronal section through basal ganglia (control brain on right). (image) Hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids, coronal section through brain, close-up (image) Fredreich Ataxia, whole mount myelin stained section of the thoracic spinal cord (image) Binswanger disease, coronal section through frontal pole. (image) Posterior Lobar atrophy, lateral surface of brain (image) Pick Disease, ventral surface of brain. (image) Hereditary dysphasic dementia, coronal section of brain. (image) Frontotemporal lobar degeneration, coronal section of medial temporal lobe, close-up (image) Frontotemporal lobar degeneration, lateral surface of brain (image) Frontotemporal lobar degeneration, coronal section through temporal lobe. (image) Frontotemporal lobar degeneration, ubiquitin immunoreactivity within dentate gyrus of hippocampus. (image) Spinal Accessory Motor Nerve - recording the Trapezius (image) Spinal Accessory Motor Nerve - recording the Trapezius Origin: C2-C4 roots, cervical plexus, spinal accessory nerve.Recording Site: TrapeziusReference Site: ShoulderGround: Upper backStimulation Site: Posterior neckProcedure: The recording electrode is placed on the belly of the trapezius muscle. ... Axillary Motor Nerve - recording the Deltoid (image) Axillary Motor Nerve - recording the Deltoid Origin: C5-6 roots, upper trunk and posterior cord of the brachial plexus, axillary nerve.Recording Site: Deltoid muscleReference Site: Distal upper armGround: ShoulderStimulation Sites: Erb’s PointProcedure: The recording electrode is placed... Musculocutaneous Motor Nerve - recording the Biceps (image) Musculocutaneous Motor Nerve - recording the Biceps Origin: C5-6 roots, upper trunk and lateral cord of the brachial plexus, Musculocutaneous nerve.Recording Site: Biceps muscleReference Site: Distal upper armGround: Upper armStimulation Site: Axilla and Erb’s point.Procedure: The recording electrode... Musculocutaneous Motor Nerve - recording the Biceps Upper ExtremityLower Extremity Motor NervesSensory Nerves All NervesSpecial Studies Radial Motor Nerve - Recording the Extenor Digitorum Communis (EDC) (image) Radial Motor Nerve - Recording the Extenor Digitorum Communis (EDC) Origin: C7-C8 roots, middle and lower trunk and posterior cord of the brachial plexus, radial nerve.Recording Site: Extensor Digitorum Communis muscle (EDC)Reference Site: Above the wristGround: Medial forearmStimulation Sites: Elbow and arm (below... Median and Ulnar motor nerves- Recording the 2nd Lumbrical and interossei Origin: Median – C8-T1 roots, lower trunk and medial cord of the brachial plexus, median nerve.Ulnar – C8-T1 roots, lower trunk and medial cord of the brachial plexus, ulnar nerve.Recording Site: Palm, between the 2nd and 3rd metacarpal bones.Reference... Median and Ulnar motor nerves- Recording the 2nd Lumbrical and interossei (image) Ulnar Motor Nerve - Recording the First Dorsal Interosseous (FDI) (image) Ulnar Motor Nerve - Recording the First Dorsal Interosseous (FDI) Origin: C8-T1 roots, lower trunk and medial cord of the brachial plexus, ulnar nerveRecording Site: First Dorsal Interosseous (FDI or 1st DI)Reference Site: Base of thumbGround: Palm or Top of HandStimulation Site: Wrist, below elbow and above elbow... Ulnar Motor Nerve - Recording the Abductor Digiti Minimi (ADM) (image) Ulnar Motor Nerve - Recording the Abductor Digiti Minimi (ADM) Origin: C8-T1 roots, lower trunk and medial cord of the brachial plexus, ulnar nerveRecording Site: Abductor Digiti Minimi muscle (ADM)Reference Site: Base of little fingerGround: Palm or top of handStimulation Sites: Wrist, below elbow and above elbow... Median Motor Study - Recording the Abductor Pollicis Brevis (image) Median Motor Study - Recording the Abductor Pollicis Brevis Origin: C8-T1 roots, lower trunk and medial cord of the brachial plexus, median nerve.Recording Site: Abductor Pollicis Brevis muscle (APB)Reference Site: Base of thumbGround: Palm or top of handStimulation Sites: Wrist and elbowProcedure: The... Recommended approaches to common clinical problems. This section covers our recommended approaches to common conditions the electromyographer is asked to evaluate. Neck/Arm pain and root search Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Medial Antebrachial Cutaneous Sensory Nerve - Forearm (antidromic) Origin: C8-T1 root, lower trunk and medial cord of the brachial plexusRecording Site: Forearm (bar electrode)Reference Site: Forearm (bar electrode)Ground: ForearmStimulation Site: ElbowProcedure: The recording and reference electrodes (bar electrode)... Ulnar Sensory Nerve - Recording the ring finger (antidromic) Origin: C8 root, lower trunk and lateral cord of the brachial plexus.Recording Site: Ring fingerReference Site: Ring fingerGround: Palm or top of handStimulation Site: WristProcedure: The recording electrode is placed on the proximal phalange of the fourth finger... Median Sensory Nerve - Recording the ring finger (antidromic) Origin: C7 roots, middle trunk and lateral cord of the brachial plexus.Recording Site: Ring FingerReference Site: Ring FingerGround: Palm or top of handStimulation Site: Wrist Procedure: The recording electrode is placed on the proximal phalanx of the ring finger... Biceps Brachii Muscle Name: biceps brachiiAKA: musculus biceps brachii Abbreviation: BBSpinal Nerve Roots: C5 C6Brachial Plexus Trunks: upper trunkBrachial Plexus Cords: lateral cordNamed Nerves: musculocutaneous nerveProximal Attachment: coracoid process of the scapula... Supinator Muscle Name: supinatorAKA: Musculus supinatorAbbreviation: Spinal Nerve Roots: C6 C7Brachial Plexus Trunks: upper trunk middle trunkBrachial Plexus Cords: posterior cordNamed Nerves: radial nerveProximal Attachment: Lateral... Supinator with arrow (image) Supinator with arrow (image) Supinator Anterior view (image) Supinator Anterior view (image) Supinator (image) pronator quadratus highlighted (image) Pronator Quadratus (image) First Dorsal Interosseous Muscle Name: first dorsal interosseousAKA: Abbreviation: FDISpinal Nerve Roots: C8 T1Brachial Plexus Trunks: lower trunkBrachial Plexus Cords: medial cordNamed Nerves: ulnar nerveProximal Attachment: metacarpal bone.Distal Attachment: proximal phalanx on the first digit... First Dorsal Interosseous (image) Flexor Pollicis Brevis Muscle Name: flexor pollicis brevisAKA: musculus flexor pollicis brevisAbbreviation: FPB Spinal Nerve Roots: C8 T1Brachial Plexus Trunks: lower trunkBrachial Plexus Cords: medial cordNamed Nerves: median nerve ulnar nerveProximal... Flexor Pollicis Brevis with arrow (image) Flexor Pollicis Brevis (image) Flexor Digitorum Profundus To Digit 5 Muscle Name: flexor digitorum profundus to digit 5AKA: musculus flexor digitorum profundus Abbreviation: FDP5Spinal Nerve Roots: C7 C8 T1Brachial Plexus Trunks: lower trunkBrachial Plexus Cords: medial cordNamed Nerves: ... Flexor Digitorum Profundus To Digit 4 Muscle Name: flexor digitorum profundus to digit 4AKA: musculus flexor digitorum profundus Abbreviation: FDP4Spinal Nerve Roots: C7 C8 T1Brachial Plexus Trunks: lower trunkBrachial Plexus Cords: medial cordNamed Nerves: ulnar... Flexor Digitorum Profundus To Digit 2 Muscle Name: flexor digitorum profundus to digit 2AKA: musculus flexor digitorum profundusAbbreviation: FDP2Spinal Nerve Roots: C7 C8 T1Brachial Plexus Trunks: lower trunkBrachial Plexus Cords: medial cordNamed Nerves: median... Flexor Digitorum Profundus To Digit 3 Muscle Name: flexor digitorum profundus to digit 3AKA: musculus flexor digitorum profundusAbbreviation: FDP3Spinal Nerve Roots: C7 C8 T1Brachial Plexus Trunks: lower trunkBrachial Plexus Cords: medial cordNamed Nerves: median... Flexor Digitorum Profundus To Digit 4 (image) Flexor Digitorum Profundus To Digit 5 (image) Flexor digitorum profundus highlighted (image) Flexor digitorum profundus highlighted (image) Flexor Digitorum Profundus To Digit 2 (image) Flexor digitorum profundus highlighted (image) Flexor digitorum profundus highlighted (image) Flexor Digitorum Profundus To Digit 3 (image) Alzheimer disease, occipital neocortex, immunohistochemical staining for beta amyloid (image) Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Muscle Name: flexor carpi ulnarisAKA: musculus flexor carpi ulnarisAbbreviation: FCRSpinal Nerve Roots: C7 C8 T1Brachial Plexus Trunks: lower trunkBrachial Plexus Cords: medial cordNamed Nerves: ulnar nerveProximal Attachment: ... Polygyria, lateral surface of brain (image) Hydranencephaly, ventral surface of brain. (image) Flexor Carpi Ulnaris highlighted (image) Porencephaly, in situ photograph, right lateral surface of brain (image) Porencephaly, right lateral surface of brain. (image) Flexor Carpi Radialis Muscle Name: flexor carpi radialisAKA: musculus flexor carpi radialisAbbreviation: FCRSpinal Nerve Roots: C6 C7Brachial Plexus Trunks: upper trunk middle trunkBrachial Plexus Cords: lateral cordNamed Nerves: median nerveProximal... Bilateral porencephaly, in situ photograph of dorsal surface of brain. (image) Extensor Pollicis Longus Muscle Name: extensor pollicis longusAKA: musculus extensor pollicis longusAbbreviation: EPLSpinal Nerve Roots: C7 C8Brachial Plexus Trunks: middle trunk lower trunkBrachial Plexus Cords: posterior cordNamed Nerves: radial... Porencephalywith with secondary cortical spinal tract degeneration, sagittal section of cerebrum with transverse sections of brainstem (image) Schizencephaly, lateral surface of brain. (image) Extensor Pollicis Longus (image) Extensor Pollicis Brevis Muscle Name: extensor pollicis brevisAKA: musculus extensor pollicis brevisAbbreviation: EPBSpinal Nerve Roots: C7 C8Brachial Plexus Trunks: middle trunk lower trunkBrachial Plexus Cords: posterior cordNamed Nerves: radial... Schizencephaly, coronal section of brain. (image) Extensor Pollicis Brevis (image) Organizing periventricular leukomalacia (image) Periventricular leukomalacia, coronal (image) Periventricular white matter infarcts, Close up (image) Periventricular leukomalacia with hemorrhagic transformation. (image) Unilateral hemorrhagic necrosis involving right cerebral hemisphere, coronal section (image) Neuronal mineralization, thalamic neurons, H&E stain (image) Extensor Indicis Muscle Name: extensor indicisAKA: musculus extensor indicisAbbreviation: EIPSpinal Nerve Roots: C7 C8Brachial Plexus Trunks: middle trunk lower trunkBrachial Plexus Cords: posterior cordNamed Nerves: radial nerveProximal Attachment: ... Multicystic encephalopathy with status marmoratus (image) Germinal matrix hemorrhage, with ventricular extension on the left, coronal section of brain. (image) Severe post hemorrhagic hydrocephalus, coronal section through basal ganglia. (image) Extensor Digitorum Communis Muscle Name: extensor digitorum communis AKA: musculus extensor digitorumAbbreviation: EDCSpinal Nerve Roots: C7 C8Brachial Plexus Trunks: middle trunk lower trunkBrachial Plexus Cords: posterior cordNamed Nerves: radial nerveProximal... Periventricular hemorrhagic infarct and contralateral hydrocephalus, coronal section of brain (image) Intraventricular hemorrhage with subarachnoid extension, ventral surface of brain. (image) Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Muscle Name: extensor carpi ulnarisAKA: musculus extensor carpi ulnarisAbbreviation: ECUSpinal Nerve Roots: C7 C8Brachial Plexus Trunks: middle trunk lower trunkBrachial Plexus Cords: posterior cordNamed Nerves: radial nerveProximal... Intraventricular Hemorrhage with periventricular venous infarction, coronal section (image) Extensor Carpi Ulnaris (image) Tumefactive demyelination, H&E stain x 400 with arrow (image) Central Pontine Myelinolysis, transverse section with arrow (image) Central Pontine Myelinolysis, transverse section (image) Review of the relevant anatomy (MS) Demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis and the leukoencephalopathies affect the myelin around axons of the central nervous system (CNS). Myelinated axons are concentrated in the white matter of the CNS. The images below provide a quick review of white matter in the CNS... Thoracic Spinal Cord Cross-Section, Highlighted (image) Oligodendrocyte with arrow (image) Oligodendrocyte (image) Thoracic Spinal Cord Cross-Section (image) Meningomyelocele, dorsal surface of lower back (image) Luckenschadel, inner surface of skull (image) Occipital encephalocele, ventral surface of brain (image) Craniorachiscisis totalis, fetal x-ray (image) Craniorachiscisis totalis, dorsal view of fetus (image) Chiari II malformation, ventral surface of posterior fossa structures (image) Chiari II malformation, mid sagittal section through cerebellum and brainstem (image) Chiari II malformation, complete dorsal view of dissected spinal cord and posterior fossa (image) Chiari II malformation, spinal cord and posterior fossa structures (image) Chiari II malformation, dorsal surface of cerebellum (image) Anencephaly, dorsal view of cranium (image) Anencephaly, sagittal section through cranium. (image) Kearns-Sayre syndrome, H&E section of substantia nigra x 200 (image) Kearns-Sayre syndrome, H&E stain section of substantia nigra x 100 (image) Kearns-Sayre syndrome, high power H&E stained section of substantia nigra (image) Medullary tegmental necrosis, transverse section of medulla (image) Leigh syndrome, coronal section through thalamus (image) Leigh syndrome, transverse section through midbrain (image) Leigh's disease, coronal section through basal ganglia (image) Necrosis of gray and white matter, coronal section (image) Polymicrogyria, whole mount of coronal section, H&E stain (image) Zonal heterotopia, coronal sections through parietal lobes (image) Subcortical band heterotopia, coronal section through brain (image) Polymicrogyria, coronal section through brain. (image) Polygyria, dorsal surface of brain (image) Periventricular nodular heterotopia, coronal section through occipital lobe of brain. (image) Lissencephaly, coronal section through brain. (image) Bilateral perisylvian ulegyria with periventricular nodular heterotopias, coronal section of brain. (image) Familial myoclonic epilepsy, high power H&E stained section of brain (image) Sagittal sections through autopsy cerebellum, GM2 gangliosidosis (Tay Sachs disease). (image) Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, ultrastructural examination of peripheral blood lymphocytes (image) Isolated arhinencephaly, ventral surface of brain (image) Holoprosencephaly, in situ photograph, coronal section through skull (image) Holoprosencephaly, ventral surface of brain. (image) Holoprosencephaly, dorsal view of autopsy brain (image) Alobar holoprosencephaly, Coronal section through brain (image) Cyclopia in holoprosencephaly (image) Meningioangiomatosis, low power H&E stained section of cerebral cortex and leptomeninges (image) White Matter Neurons, neurofilament immunohistochemical stain (image) White Matter Neurons in temporal lobe epilepsy. (image) Focal cortical dysplasia, Palmini 2b, high power H&E stained section (image) Focal cortical dysplasia, Palmini 2b, low-power overview of cerebral cortex (image) Focal cortical dysplasia, Palmini 2a, high power view of cerebral cortex (image) Focal cortical dysplasia, Palmini 2a, low power overview H&E stained section of cerebral cortex (image) Focal cortical dysplasia, Palmini 1b, high power H&E stained section (image) Focal cortical dysplasia, Palmini 1b, low-power overview. (image) Focal cortical dysplasia, Palmini 1a, H&E stain (image) Hippocampal endplate, H&E stained section (image) Amygdala, high power H&E stain demonstrating innumerable corpora amylacea. (image) Amygdala, H&E stained section (image) Agenesis of the corpus callosum, coronal section demonstrating Probst bundle (image) Agenesis of the corpus callosum, mid sagittal section, extreme close-up. (image) Agenesis of the corpus callosum, mid sagittal view, close-up (image) Agenesis of the corpus callosum, mid sagittal section through brain, close-up (image) Agenesis of the corpus callosum, mid sagittal section through brain. (image) Agenesis of the corpus callosum, coronal section through neonatal brain, close-up (image) Septo-optic dysplasia, coronal section through brain at the level of the foramen of Monro (image) Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus Muscle Name: extensor carpi radialis longusAKA: Abbreviation: Spinal Nerve Roots: C5 C6 C7Brachial Plexus Trunks: upper trunk middle trunkBrachial Plexus Cords: posterior cordNamed Nerves: radial nerveProximal Attachment: ... Extensor carpi radialis longus highlighted (image) Prion Infections Infection without inflammation – Prion diseases A. PathogenesisHuman spongiform encephalopathies are a group of disorders that share certain clinical, pathological, and pathogenetic features. All cause a progressive, fatal, dementing illness; most... Parasitic Infections Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan, found worldwide. It is now the most common cause of CNS mass lesions in patients with AIDS, occurring in 5-10% of AIDS patients. Toxoplasmosis may also cause eye disease (chorioretinitis) and congenital... Fungal Infections Aspergillus species grow on decaying vegetation and grain products, and are ubiquitous in the environment. Infection typically occurs in immunocompromised, usually neurtropenic, hosts. Aspergillus may also rarely produce brain abscesses and granulomas in individuals with a normal immune system... Deltoid Muscle Name: deltoidAKA: musculus deltoideusAbbreviation: Spinal Nerve Roots: C5 C6Brachial Plexus Trunks: upper trunkBrachial Plexus Cords: posterior cordNamed Nerves: axillary nerveProximal Attachment: clavicle, acromion, spine... Viral Infections The most common causes of viral meningitis in the U.S. are nonpolio enteroviruses (coxsackie and echovirus), which often occur in summer and early fall. Infection is by the fecal-oral route, with primary viral replication in the GI and upper respiratory tracts... Bacterial Infections Meningitis means inflammation of the meninges, usually (but not necessarily) due to infection. Although inflammation may selectively involve the dura (pachymeningitis), it more commonly affects the pia and arachnoid membranes (leptomeningitis). Because the... Chronic meningitis with adhesive arachnoiditis obstructing CSF outflow, ventral surface of brainstem, close-up (image) Pelizaeus Merzbacher disease, Coronal section, Close Up, labeled (image) Alzheimer's disease, nucleus basalis of Meynert x 400 (image) Alzheimer's disease, H&E stained section of hippocampus, low power magnification. (image) Middle Deltoid EMG Technique (video) Alzheimer disease, dorsal surface of brain. (image) Alzheimer's disease, cerebral cortex, beta amyloid immunohistochemical stain (image) Cerebral cortex demonstrating cotton-wool plaques (image) Tumefactive demyelination, immunohistochemical staining for GFAP x 100 (image) Tumefactive demyelination, immunohistochemical staining for CD68 (image) Epidermoid cyst, high power H&E stained slide. (image) Dermoid cyst, high power H&E stain (image) Rathke cyst, low power H&E stain (image) Rathke Cyst, H&E stained section, high power (image) Craniopharyngioma, medium power H&E stained slide demonstrating "wet keratin". (image) Craniopharyngioma, ventral surface of brain, close-up (image) Craniopharyngioma, coronal section through hypothalamus (image) Colloid Cyst, H&E stained section (image) Collid Cyst, coronal section through third ventricle. (image) Sneddon Syndrome, lateral surface of brain, close-up (image) Sneddon Syndrome, dorsal view of brain. (image) Multiple Sclerosis Acquired, inflammatory leukoencephalopathiesInflammation may either be related to infection, or indicate the presence of an autoimmune process. Infection of oligodendroglial cells is unusual, and is practically confined to JC virus infection in immunocompromised... Leukodystrophies Leukodystrophies can be classified by their biochemical abnormalities into lipid disorders (e.g. adrenoleukodystrophy, globoid cell leukodystrophy, metachromatic leukodystrophy), protein disorders (e.g. Pelizaues-Merzbacher disease), organic acid disorders (e... Demyelinating disease Leukoencephalopathy is shorthand for a disease that preferentially manifests as damage to the white matter of the brain. While often referred to as “demyelinating diseases”, axonal damage is present in all of these disorders (in contrast to nearly pure... Tumors III: Non-glial tumors Meningiomas are the most common extraparenchymal neoplasms affecting the CNS, accounting for approximately 20% of intracranial tumors. They occur predominantly in middle to late adult life, and tend to involve the cerebral convexity, parasagittal region, sphenoid ridge or spinal cord... Tumors II: Glial and Glioneuronal Tumors A. Neurons 1. As differentiated neurons do not normally divide, tumors derived from such cells (ganglion cell tumors) are rare, and when they occur are usually benign.2. As the external granular cell neurons of the cerebellum are actively replicating and migrating... Tumors I: Overview General principles of neoplasia are applicable to CNS tumors1.The neoplastic cell must have a growth advantage within the microenvironment. Therefore, tumor cells tend to phenotypically resemble cells normally present within the CNS.2.The chance of transformational... Sporadic JCD associated with type II prion, occipital neocortex, 3F4 immunohistochemical staining. (image) Multiple cavernous angiomas, transverse section of pons, close-up (image) Normal Skeletal Muscle - Gomori Trichrome (image) NADH(TR) - normal muscle (image) CD68 IHC - Example of pathological findings (image) Ubiquitin - Example of pathological findings (image) immunohistochemical staining using DAB chromogen. (image) Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) stain of normal muscle. (image) Congo Red - Example of pathological findings (image) Oil red O stain of normal muscle. (image) Deep anatomy of the right hand (image) Superfical anatomy of the right hand. (image) Deep anatomy of the right hand (image) Toluidine staining of resin or plastic embedded peripheral nerve. (image) Deep anatomy of the right hand (image) Superfical anatomy of the right hand. (image) Deep anatomy of the right hand (image) Superfical anatomy of the right hand. (image) Superficial Anatomy of the Right Hand (image) Superfical nerves of the hand. (image) Superfical nerves of the hand. (image) Copy of Median Sensory Nerve - Recording the index finger (antidromic) Origin: C6-C7 roots, upper and middle trunk and lateral cord of the brachial plexus, median nerveRecording Site: Index fingerReference Site: Index fingerGround: Palm or top of handStimulation Site: WristProcedure: The recording electrode is placed on the proximal phalanx of the index finger... Median Sensory Study to Index (image) Distal Median Nerve Anatomy (image) Medial Antebrachial Cutaneous Sensory Nerve – Forearm (antidromic) (image) Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Sensory Nerve (antidromic) (image) Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Sensory Nerve (antidromic) Origin: C6 root, upper trunk and lateral cord of the brachial plexus, Musculocutaneous nerveRecording Site: Forearm (bar electrode)Reference Site: Forearm (bar electrode)Ground: ForearmStimulation Site: ElbowProcedure: The recording and... Ulnar Palmar Mixed Nerve (orthodromic) (image) Ulnar Palmar Mixed Nerve (orthodromic) Recording Site: Wrist over the ulnar nerve (bar electrode)Reference Site: Wrist over the ulnar nerve (bar electrode)Ground: Top of handStimulation Site: Palm, between the 4th and 5th metacarpal bones.Procedure: The recording and reference electrodes... Median Palmar Mixed Nerve (orthodromic) (image) Median Palmar Mixed Nerve (orthodromic) Recording Site: Wrist over median nerve (bar electrode)Reference Site: Wrist over median nerve (bar electrode)Ground: Top of handStimulation Site: Palm, between the 2nd and 3rd metacarpal bones.Procedure: The recording and reference electrodes (bar... Ulnar Sensory Nerve – Ring Finger (antidromic) (image) Median Sensory Nerve - Ring Finger (antidromic) (image) Radial Sensory Nerve (antidromic) (image) Ulnar Sensory Nerve (antidromic) (image) Median Sensory Nerve – thumb (antidromic (image) Median Sensory Nerve - middle (antidromic) (image) Radial Sensory Nerve (antidromic) Origin: C6-C7 roots, upper or middle trunk and posterior cord of the brachial plexus, radial nerveRecording Site: Base of the FDI web space between the index finger and thumbReference Site: Base of thumbGround: Palm or top of handStimulation Site: ... Dorsal Ulnar Sensory Nerve (antidromic) Origin: C8 root, lower trunk and medial cord of the brachial plexusRecording Site: Top of handReference Site: Base of 5th fingerGround: Top of HandStimulation Site: WristProcedure: The recording electrode is placed on the dorsum of the hand at... Median Sensory Study to Index (image) Extensor Pollicis Longus EMG Technique (video) Extensor Pollicis Brevis EMG Technique (video) Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus EMG Technique (video) Supinator EMG Technique (video) Flexor Digitorum Sublimis, Highlighted (image) ALS Also referred to as motor neurone disease (by the British), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive and ultimately fatal disorder characterized by degeneration of the upper and lower motor neurons of the brain and spinal cord. ALS occurs worldwide... Parkinsonian neurodegenerative diseases In 1817, James Parkinson wrote his Essay on the Shaking Palsy. He described a disorder manifest as involuntary tremulous motion…with a propensity to bend the trunk forward and to pass from a walking to a running pace: the senses and intellects being uninjured... Other neurodegenerative diseases Huntington Disease (HD) is inherited as an autosomal dominant disease with full penetrance. It occurs worldwide with an overall prevalence of 10 per 100,000 population (similar to the prevalence of ALS), although high regional concentrations are found due to large individual kindreds... Deltoid (image) Deltoid (image) Brachioradialis Muscle Name: brachioradialisAKA: musculus brachioradialisAbbreviation: Spinal Nerve Roots: C5 C6Brachial Plexus Trunks: upper trunkBrachial Plexus Cords: posterior cordNamed Nerves: radial nerveProximal Attachment: Lateral supracondylar... Brachioradialis (image) highlighted_brachioradialis (image) Brachioradialis (image) Anconeus highlighted (image) Anconeus (image) Anconeus Muscle Name: anconeusAKA: musculus anconeusAbbreviation:  Spinal Nerve Roots:  C6  C7  C8Brachial Plexus Trunks:  upper trunk  middle trunk  lower trunkBrachial Plexus Cords:  posterior cordNamed... Anconeus Muscle Name: anconeusAKA: musculus anconeusAbbreviation:  Spinal Nerve Roots:  C6  C7  C8Brachial Plexus Trunks:  upper trunk  middle trunk  lower trunkBrachial Plexus Cords:  posterior cordNamed... Anconeus Muscle Name: anconeusAKA: musculus anconeusAbbreviation: Spinal Nerve Roots: C6 C7 C8Brachial Plexus Trunks: upper trunk middle trunk lower trunkBrachial Plexus Cords: posterior cordNamed Nerves: radial nerveProximal... Abductor Digiti Minimi Muscle Name: abductor digiti minimiAKA: musculus abductor digiti minimi manusAbbreviation: ADMSpinal Nerve Roots: C8 T1Brachial Plexus Trunks: lower trunkBrachial Plexus Cords: medial cordNamed Nerves: ulnar nerveProximal Attachment: ... Normal samples In order to recognize pathology, it is necessary to know what normal tissues look like. To that end, we present here a set of slides which depict normal anatomy, both on the gross and microscopic level. Throughout this course, whenever new pathologic concepts... Alzheimer Disease Alzheimer's Disease is the most common dementing illness and can occur at any age over 30. It tends to affect women more than men, even when survival differences are taken into account. It is relatively uncommon before age 65, affecting about 0.1% of the... Vascular Disease 4: Other topics in vascular disease Working from the outside in, intracranial hemorrhage may be epidural, subdural, subarachnoid, intraparechymal, or intraventricular in origin (though many do not remain localized to a single compartment). The term “hemorrhagic stroke” only applies to subarachnoid and intraparenchymal hemorrhages... Vascular Disease 3: Vascular anomalies Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are the most clinically significant of the congenital vascular malformations (the others are less likely to become symptomatic and are more frequently incidental findings on examination of the brain for other reasons). ... Vascular Disease 1: Reaction to ischemic injury There are different types of ischemic injury. Ischemia can affect the entire brain, or just a particular vascular distribution. It can be brief, as in a TIA, or it can endure. The patterns of damage we see in gross and microscopic pathology reflect the focality and temporal course of the ischemia... A few words about Bacterial Meningitis Meningitis means inflammation of the meninges, usually (but not necessarily) due to infection. Although inflammation may selectively involve the dura (pachymeningitis), it more commonly affects the pia and arachnoid membranes (leptomeningitis). Because the... Viral Infections Viral Infections Viral Meningitis A. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Encephalitis Viral Meningitis A. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Encephalitis Viral Encephalitis A. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Encephalitis 1. Pathogenesis HSV-1 encephalitis is the most common cause of acute sporadic encephalitis in the U.S. It typically causes lip and mouth lesions (herpes labialis and stomatitis). Note the distinction from HSV-2,... Viral Encephalitis - MRI with arrow (image) PLEDs (image) Viral Encephalitis - MRI (image) Infections The Pathology of Alzheimer Disease A. Epidemiology AD is the most common dementing illness and can occur at any age over 30. It tends to affect women more than men, even when survival differences are taken into account. It is relatively uncommon before age 65, affecting about 0.1%... Routine upper extremity neck or arm pain and cervical root search. Needle EMG Studies A searchable, illustrated tutorial for electromyography (EMG). Describes innervation, anatomy, appropriate needle placement, and activation techniques for muscles commonly studied using EMG. Cresyl Violet - Normal Example (image) Bodian Stain - Normal Example (image) Silver Stain - Senile Plaque (image) Ragged Red Fiber, Trichrome stain (image) hyaline inclusions trichrome x200 with arrow (image) "Cytoplasmic" and "hyaline" bodies, trichrome stain x 200 (image) Tubular aggregate, Gomori trichrome stain x 400 (image) GFAP Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is the major intermediate filament expressed in astrocytes and ependyma. Immunohistochemical staining with antibodies specific for GFAP consequently highlights these cells. In the examples here, the regions which stain brown indicate the presence of GFAP... H&E - Normal Example (image) Alzheimer type 2 astrocytosis, H&E stain x 400 (image) Alzheimer type 2 astrocytosis, H&E x 400 and (image) CADASIL, H&E stain x 400 (image) Bilateral cortical venous thrombosis, dorsal surface of brain. (image) Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis, close-up of sectioned sinus (image) Cortical venous thrombosis with hemorrhagic infarct, lateral surface of brain (image) Cerebral venous infarcts, multiple coronal sections of brain (image) Bilateral hemorrhagic infarcts, dorsal surface of brain. (image) Diffuse cerebral edema, coronal section at the level of the thalamus (image) Transtentorial herniation, ventral surface of brain. (image) Transtentorial herniation, close up view of ventral surface of brain. (image) Hemorrhagic necrosis, cerebellar tonsils, inferior surface including medulla. (image) Granular Atrophy, close-up view of surface of cerebral cortex (image) Etat Crible, close-up of cerebral cortex and white matter (image) Circle of Willis, gross photographs of dissected arteries (image) Thromboembolus, low power H&E stained section (image) Thromboembolus, high power H&E stained section. (image) Internal carotid artery occlusion, gross photograph of sectioned artery (image) Basilar artery thrombosis, ventral surface of brain. (image) Cavitated thalamic infarct, coronal section. (image) Hemorrhagic infarct, posterior inferior cerebellar artery distribution, ventral surface of brain. (image) Hemorrhagic infarct, transverse section through cerebellum and medulla. (image) Organizing Infarct, sagittal section of cerebellum (image) Circle of Willis Dissected - PCA (image) Illustration of relevant anatomy (image) For comparison, normal brain (image) Recent middle cerebral artery infarct, whole mount coronal section through frontal lobe, anatomical landmarks (image) For comparison, normal brain (image) Recent middle cerebral artery infarct, whole mount coronal section through frontal lobe, labeled (image) Cavitated MCA infarct, lateral surface of brain, labeled (image) Pathology in Ischemic Stroke 03 127 Pathology in Ischemic Stroke 02 126 Pathology in Ischemic Stroke 01 125 For Comparison, MRI DWI - Acute Left PCA Infarct (image) Posterior cerebral artery infarct, mid sagittal section of cerebral hemisphere, Labeled (image) Triceps Brachii EMG Technique (video) Opponens Pollicis EMG Technique (video) Flexor Pollicis Brevis EMG Technique (video) Flexor Digitorum Superficialis EMG Technique (video) Flexor Digitorum Profundus To Digit 2 EMG Technique (video) Flexor Digitorum Profundus To Digit 3 EMG Technique (video) Flexor Digitorum Profundus To Digit 4 EMG Technique (video) Flexor Digitorum Profundus To Digit 5 EMG Technique (video) Flexor Carpi Radialis EMG Technique (video) Extensor Carpi Ulnaris EMG Technique (video) Pronator Teres EMG Technique (video) Pronator Quadratus (video) Flexor Carpi Ulnaris (video) Extensor Digitorum EMG Technique (video) Brachioradialis EMG Technique (video) Biceps Brachii EMG Technique (video) Anconeus EMG Technique (video) Abductor Pollicis Brevis EMG Technique 2 (video) The muscles of the palmar surface of the left hand. (image) Opponens Pollicis Muscle Name: opponens pollicisAKA: Abbreviation: Spinal Nerve Roots: C8 T1Brachial Plexus Trunks: lower trunkBrachial Plexus Cords: medial cordNamed Nerves: median nerveProximal Attachment: Trapezium and transverse carpal ligament... Opponens pollicis highlighted (image) Abductor Pollicis Brevis Muscle Name: abductor pollicis brevisAKA: Abbreviation: APBSpinal Nerve Roots: C8 T1Brachial Plexus Trunks: lower trunkBrachial Plexus Cords: medial cordNamed Nerves: median nerveProximal Attachment: Transverse carpal ligament, the... Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (image) Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Muscle Name: flexor digitorum superficialisAKA: Flexor digitorum sublimisAbbreviation: FDSSpinal Nerve Roots: C7 C8 T1Brachial Plexus Trunks: middle trunk lower trunkBrachial Plexus Cords: medial cord lateral cordNamed... Pronator Teres Muscle Name: pronator teresAKA: Abbreviation: Spinal Nerve Roots: C6 C7Brachial Plexus Trunks: upper trunk middle trunkBrachial Plexus Cords: lateral cordNamed Nerves: median nerveProximal Attachment: Humeral head: medial... Flexor Carpi Radialis highlighted (image) Flexor Carpi Radialis highlighted (image) Biceps Brachii with arrow (image) Flexor Carpi Radialis with arrow (image) First Dorsal Interosseous Muscle, Highlighted (image) Biceps Brachii (image) Extensor Digitorum (image) Abductor Pollicis Brevis (APB) Muscle Highlighted (image) Extensor Indicis (image) Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus (image) Triceps with arrow (image) First Dorsal Interosseous (image) Median Nerve Nerve: Median NerveMuscles Innervated: pronator teres flexor carpi radialis flexor digitorum superficialis abductor pollicis brevis opponens pollicis pronator quadratus flexor digitorum profundus to digit 2 flexor digitorum... Lateral Cord of the Brachial Plexus Cord: Lateral CordMuscles Innervated: pronator teres flexor carpi radialis flexor digitorum superficialis pronator quadratus flexor pollicis longus biceps brachii Triceps (image) Medial Cord of the Brachial Plexus Cord: Medial CordMuscles Innervated: flexor digitorum superficialis abductor pollicis brevis opponens pollicis pronator quadratus flexor digitorum profundus to digit 2 flexor digitorum profundus to digit 3 flexor pollicis... Lower Trunk of the Brachial Plexus Trunk: Lower TrunkSpinal Segments:C8, T1Muscles Innervated: flexor digitorum superficialis abductor pollicis brevis opponens pollicis pronator quadratus flexor digitorum profundus to digit 2 flexor digitorum profundus to digit... Middle Trunk of the Brachial Plexus Trunk: Middle TrunkSpinal Segments:C7Muscles Innervated: pronator teres flexor carpi radialis flexor digitorum superficialis pronator quadratus flexor pollicis longus triceps extensor carpi radialis longus extensor... Flexor Pollicis Longus Muscle Name: flexor pollicis longusAKA: Abbreviation: FPLSpinal Nerve Roots: C7 C8 T1Brachial Plexus Trunks: middle trunk lower trunkBrachial Plexus Cords: medial cord lateral cordNamed Nerves: anterior interosseous... Flexor Carpi Ulnaris (image) Flexor Carpi Radialis (image) Flexor Pollicis Longus EMG Technique (video) Extensor Indicis Proprius EMG Technique (video) Abductor Digiti Minimi EMG Technique (video) Abductor Digiti Minimi - Highlighted (image) Abductor Digiti Minimi (image) First Dorsal Interosseous Surface View with arrow (image) First Dorsal Interosseous in Action with arrow (image) Abductor Digiti Minimi Surface View with arrow (image) Abductor Digiti Minimi Surface View (image) First Dorsal Interosseous Surface View (image) First Dorsal Interosseous in Action (image) First Dorsal Interosseous Needle Placement (image) First Dorsal Interosseous EMG Technique (video) Pronator Teres, Highlighted (image) Pronator Teres (image) Abductor Pollicis Brevis EMG Technique (video) Posterior Cord of the Brachial Plexus Cord: Posterior CordMuscles Innervated: triceps brachioradialis extensor carpi radialis longus supinator extensor carpi ulnaris extensor digitorum extensor pollicis longus extensor pollicis brevis extensor indicis anconeus deltoid Musculocutaneous Nerve Nerve: Musculocutaneous NerveMuscles Innervated: biceps brachii Axillary Nerve Nerve: Axillary NerveMuscles Innervated: deltoid Radial Nerve Nerve: Radial NerveMuscles Innervated: triceps brachioradialis extensor carpi radialis longus supinator extensor carpi ulnaris extensor digitorum extensor pollicis longus extensor pollicis brevis extensor indicis anconeus Ulnar Nerve Nerve: Ulnar NerveMuscles Innervated: flexor pollicis brevis flexor carpi ulnaris flexor digitorum profundus to digit 4 flexor digitorum profundus to digit 5 abductor digiti minimi first dorsal interosseous Upper Trunk of the Brachial Plexus Trunk: Upper TrunkSpinal Segments:C5, C6Muscles Innervated: pronator teres flexor carpi radialis triceps brachioradialis extensor carpi radialis longus anconeus biceps brachii deltoid Brachial Plexus Trunks Trunks: Upper Trunk Middle Trunk Lower Trunk Brachial Plexus Cords Cords: Medial Cord Lateral Cord Posterior Cord Wallenberg Syndrome MRI with arrow (image) Wallenberg Syndrome MRI (image) Anatomical Landmarks Labeled (image) Dorsolateral Medullary Infarct, transverse section, shaded (image) Abductor Pollicis Brevis - EMG Demo (video) Abductor Pollicis Brevis (image) Insertion point for EMG study of Abductor Pollicis Brevis muscle (image) Abductor Pollicis Brevis with arrow (image) Abductor Pollicis Brevis Name: Abductor pollicis brevisAbbreviation: APBAKA:Nerve: MedianCord: MedialDivision: AnteriorTrunk: LowerRoot: C8, T1Insertion: lateral approach to the base of the thumb, insert 1-2 cm in depthAction: Abducts the thumbActivation: Patient moves thumb perpindicular awas from the palm... EMG Tutorial Sandbox. Edit to your hear'ts content. Sandbox Sandbox. Edit to your hear'ts content. Wallenberg Syndrome 1 53 Dorsolateral Medullary Infarct, transverse section. (image) Dorsolateral Medullary infarct, multiple transverse sections through medulla (image) Posterior cerebral artery infarct, mid sagittal section of cerebral hemisphere (image) Recent middle cerebral artery infarct, whole mount coronal section through frontal lobe. (image) Organizing Infarct, coronal section through thalamus with transverse section of spinal cord. (image) Organizing Infarct, coronal section through parietal lobes. (image) Cavitated MCA infarct, lateral surface of brain. (image) Lacunar infarcts, pontine base, transverse section (image) Fat Emboli, coronal section through unfixed frontal lobe (image) Hemorrhagic necrosis, posterior cerebral artery circulations, coronal section through occipital lobes (image) Bilateral cavitary necrosis, globus pallidus (image) Anterior cerebral artery infarct, sagittal section through brain and brainstem. (image) Hypotensive gray matter necrosis, transverse section of lumbar spinal cord (image) Laminar Necrosis, coronal section at level of thalmus (image) Eosinophilic Neuronal Degeneration, Hippocampus, H&E x40 (image) Eosinophilic Neuronal Degeneration, Hippocampus, H&E x200 (image) Eosinophilic Neuronal Degeneration, Cerebellum, H&E x200 (image) Cerebellar Sclerosis, Sagittal sections (image) Ischemic axonal damage, beta amyloid immunostaining x 100 (image) Arterial border zone ("watershed") infarcts, coronal section through basal ganglia (image) Arterial Border Zone Infarcts, coronal section through cerebral cortex and white matter, close-up (image) Arterial Border Zone Infarcts, transverse section through cerebellum (image) Temporal Artery, Surgical Exposure (image) Primary angiitis of the nervous system, low power H&E stained section including leptomeninges (image) Primary angiitis of the central nervous system, leptomeningeal blood vessel, high power H&E (image) Juvenile temporal arteritis with eosinophilia, H&E stained section x 20 (image) Juvenile temporal arteritis with eosinophilia, medium power H&E stained slide. (image) Giant Cell Arteritis, H&E stain x400 (image) Giant Cell Arteritis, H&E stain x40 (image) Giant Cell arteritis, H&E stained slide x200 (image) Giant Cell Arteritis, H&E stained x 100 (image) Giant cell arteritis involving temporal artery, high power H&E stained slide (image) Primary angiitis of the central nervous system, high power H&E stained slide (image) Primary angiitis of the central nervous system, low power H&E stained section (image) Venous angioma (malformation), H&E stain slide (image) Arteriovenous malformation, H&E stain x 20 (image) Foix-Alajounine syndrome, transverse section through spinal cord. (image) Superficial siderosis, sagittal section through cerebellar vermis (image) Multiple cavernous angiomas, coronal section of brain through basal ganglia and transverse section of pons. (image) Cavernous angioma, H&E stained slide x 400 (image) Cavernous angioma, H&E stain x 100 (image) Cavernous angioma, trichrome stained section x 40 (image) Cavernous angioma with dystrophic ossification, H&E stain x 100 (image) Cavernous angioma, H&E stain slide (image) Cavernous angioma, ventral surface of brain, close-up (image) Arteriovenous malformation, coronal section through posterior parietal lobe (image) Arteriovenous valve formation, coronal section through parietal lobe (image) Arteriovenous malformation, coronal section, close-up (image) Amyloid angiopathy involving temporal artery, Congo red stained section with polarization (image) Temporal Artery, Congo Red stained section x 40 (image) Temporal Artery with Amyloid, H&E stain x40 (image) Amyloid angiopathy involving temporal artery, H&E stain x 20 (image) Amyloid Angiopathy, Congo Red stained section (image) Amyloid Angiopathy, Congo red stain with polarization. (image) Thrombosed Basilar artery aneurysm, transverse section through pons (image) Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, ventral surface of brain (image) Ruptured saccular aneurysm, top of the basilar artery (image) Ruptured MCA aneurysm, dissected (image) Ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysm status post clipping (image) Saccular aneurysm of posterior communicating artery, status post coil, ventral surface of brain, close-up (image) Giant MCA aneurysm, ventral surface of brain. (image) Giant saccular aneurysm, Circle of Willis, ventral surface of brain, close-up (image) Diffuse cerebral edema, in situ photograph of dorsal surface of brain with dura (image) Aneurysm Wall, high power trichrome stain (image) Aneurysm wall, high-power movat pentachrome stain. (image) Aneurysm wall, movat pentachrome stain x 40 (image) Aneurysm wall, H&E stained slide x 40 (image) Aneurysm wall, high power H&E stain (image) Aneurysm wall, histochemical staining for elastin. (image) Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, horizontal section of brain through basal ganglia. (image) Superficial cirrhosis, H&E stained slide x 400 (image) superficial Siderosis, H&E stained section of medulla x 40 (image) Superficial siderosis, ventral surface of brain. (image) Fusiformvertebro-basilar aneurysm, dissected circle of Willis. (image) Superficial cerebral cortical hemorrhages, coronal section through parietal lobe. (image) Intramedullary spinal cord hemorrhage, transverse section through thoracic spinal cord. (image) Intramedullary spinal cord hemorrhage, gross photograph of ventral surface of spinal cord (image) Thalamic Hemorrhage, Coronal section of brain (image) Putaminal Hemorrhage, Coronal section through brain (image) Pontine Hemorrhage, multiple transverse sections through brainstem and cerebellum (image) Pontine Hemorrhage, sagittal section of brain (image) Ceerebellar Hemorrhage, transverse section through the cerebellum and Pons (image) Intraparenchymal hemorrhage, horizontal section of brain (image) Pineal Cyst demonstrating evidence of recent hemorrhage, close-up gross photograph (image) Lobar Hemorrhage, Coronal section through parietal lobes (image) Amyloid Angiopathy, immunohistochemical staining for beta amyloid, low power. (image) Amyloid Angiopathy, immunohistochemical staining for beta amyloid (image) Amyloid Angiopathy, H&E stain slide (image) Glioneuronal Tumor with Neuropil Islands, medium power GFAP immunohistochemical stain (image) Glioneuronal Tumor with Neuropil Islands, synaptophysin immunohistochemical staining x 100 (image) Glioneuronal Tumor with Neuropil Islands, synaptophysin immunohistochemical staining x 40 (image) Glioneuronal Tumor with Neuropil Islands, H&E stain x 200 (image) Glioneuronal Tumor with Neuropil Islands, H&E stain x 40 (image) Oligodendroglioma, H&E stain x 400 (image) Oligodendroglioma, microcalcifications, H&E stain x 200 (image) Oligodendroglioma, macrocalcifications, H&E stain x 40. (image) Oligodendroglioma, Intraoperative smear preparation x 200 (image) Oligodendroglioma, cortical invasion with perineuronal satellitosis (image) Oligodendroglioma, minigemistocytes, H&E stain x 400 (image) Oligodendroglioma, high power H&E (image) Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma, H&E stained x 400 (image) Central Neurocytoma, H&E stain x 100 (image) Central neurocytoma, H&E stain x200 (image) Central neurocytoma, Intraoperative smear preparation x 400 (image) Lhermitte-Duclos disease, H&E stained section (image) Lhermitte-Duclos disease, Whole Mount H&E stained section of cerebellum (image) Lhermitte Duclos, Surgical Exposure (image) Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor, Coronal section at the level of the parietal occipital junction. (image) Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor, Ventral surface of brain, Close Up (image) Dysembryoplastic Neuroepthelial Tumor, Ventral surface of brain (image) Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor, H&E stain (image) Desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma, H&E stain x400 (image) Desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma, H&E stain x100 (image) Desmoplastic infantile astrocytoma, H&E stain x400 (image) Desmoplastic infantile astrocytoma, H&E stain x100 (image) Angiocentric glioma, H&E stain x400 (image) Angiocentric glioma, H&E stain x 20 (image) Angiocentric glioma, synaptophysin immunohistochemical staining x 20 (image) Angiocentric Glioma, high power H&E stain (image) Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis, extending into caudal brainstem, mid sagittal section of brain with arrows (image) Ependymal Pseudorosette with arrow (image) Brainstem Ependymoma, transverse section through brainstem, labeled (image) fourth ventricular ependymoma, sagittal section through brainstem and cerebellum, labeled (image) Posterior Fossa Sagittal, Labeled (image) fourth ventricular ependymoma, sagittal section through brainstem and cerebellum, labeled (image) For comparison, normal brain (image) Tanycytic ependymomal of the posterior third ventricle, H&E stain x200 (image) Myxopapillary Ependymoma, gross photograph of surgical resection (image) Myxopapillary Ependymoma, intraoperative smear preparation x 200 (image) Myxopapillary Ependymoma, Sagittal Section (image) Myxopapillary Ependymoma H&E (image) Myxopapillary ependymoma x40 (image) Myxopapillary ependymoma, H&E stain x200 (image) Myxopapillary ependymoma, H. and E. stain x200 (image) Myxopapillary ependymoma, H&E stain x100 (image) Myxopapillary ependymoma, mucicarmine histochemical staining x 40 (image) Myxopapillary ependymoma, H&E stain x 40 (image) Intramedullary spinal cord ependymoma, H&E stain x20 (image) fourth ventricular ependymoma, transverse sections through brainstem and cerebellum. (image) fourth ventricular ependymoma, sagittal section through brainstem and cerebellum. (image) Ependymoma involving lateral ventricle, coronal section at the level of the basal ganglia (image) Intramedullary Ependymoma, transverse section through spinal cord, H&E stain x 40 (image) Ependymoma, intraoperative smear preparation, H&E stain x 400 (image) Ependymoma, low power H&E stained section (image) Ependymal Pseudorosette, H&E stained section. (image) Brainstem Ependymoma, transverse section through brainstem (image) Clear Cell Ependymoma, high power H&E stained section (image) Anaplastic Ependymoma, high power H&E (image) Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma, hypothalamic region, ventral surface of brain. (image) Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma, Intraoperative smear preparation (image) Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma, H&E stain x 200 (image) Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma, Coronal sections through hypothalamus. (image) Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma, Neurofilament immunohistochemical staining (image) Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma, intraoperative smear preparation x 200 (image) Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma, High power H&E stained section. (image) Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma, GFAP immunohistochemical staining x 400 (image) Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma x400 (image) Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma x200 (image) Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, H&E stain x 40 (image) Thalamic Glioma, Sagittal section of autopsy brain (image) Tectal Glioma, Transverse section through midbrain (image) "Tectal Glioma", H&E stain x 200 (image) Inflitrating Glioma, Thalamus H&E stain x200 (image) Infiltrating Glioma, Thalmus, neurofilament immunohistochemical staining x 200 (image) IIIrd ventricular glioma, H&E stain x200 (image) IIIrd ventricular glioma x400 (image) IIIrd ventricular glioma, H&E stain x100 (image) Brainstem Glioma, ventral surface of brain, close-up. (image) Brainstem Glioma, transverse section (image) Leptomeningeal gliomatosis in a patient with brainstem glioma, gross photograph of cauda equina (image) Pilocytic astrocytoma, H&E stain X600 (image) Pilocytic astrocytoma, H&E stain x 200 (image) Pilocytic astrocytoma, H&E x 100 (image) Pilocytic Astrocytoma, H&E stain x 400 (image) Pilocytic Astrocytoma x400 (image) Pilocytic Astrocytoma x200 (image) Pilocytic Astrocytoma x20 (image) Pilocytic astrocytoma of optic nerve, with extension into optic nerve sheath, H&E stain x 40 (image) Pilocytic astrocytoma of optic nerve ("Optic Glioma"), Gross Photograph of Resected Specimen. (image) Lobar pilocytic astrocytoma, H&E stain x40 (image) For Comparison, Normal Brain (image) Basic Stains 01 416 Canavan disease, high powered PAS stained section of cerebral cortex, labeled (image) Alexander Disease, cerebral cortex and white matter, H&E stained section, 20X magnification, labeled (image) Alexander Disease, H&E stained section of cerebral cortex, 200 X magnification with arrow (image) For Comparison, Normal Neuropil (image) Normal Neuropil with structures highlighted (image) Vanishing white matter disease (image) Vanishing white matter disease, cerebral cortex and white matter, H&E stain x 40 with arrow (image) For Comparison, normal neuropil (image) For Comparison, Normal Neuropil (image) Normal Neuropil with structures highlighted (image) Vanishing white matter disease, H&E stain, 200 X magnification, labeled (image) Vanishing White matter disease, H&E stain, high power, Labeled (image) Frontal Coronal, Labeled (image) ATPase - Example of pathological findings (image) Commonly used stains In this section, we'll go over some of the more commonly used stains in neuropathology. Different stains might be used in different tissues. For example, the Gomorri trichrome stain is especially helpful in muscle to find certain types of myopathy... EM - Example of pathological findings with arrow (image) Amyloid Angiopathy Congo Red (image) Temporal Artery Congo Red, 40x, Polarized with arrow (image) Temporal Artery Congo Red 40x, Polarized (image) Congo Red (polarized) - Example of pathological findings (image) Normal Cerebellum, Labeled with Letters (image) Frontal Coronal, Labeled (image) Other Immune Stains Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining is the technique of using antibodies against a specific antigen (such as amyloid, CD68, ubiquitin, or GFAP) to label a tissue. This technique is extremely versatile, since it can be applied to virtually any epitope to which a specific antibody can be created... CD68 IHC - Example of pathological findings (image) Electron Microscopy - Normal Example (image) Electron Microscopy - Normal Example (image) Electron Microscopy In pathology-speak, Electron Miscroscopy is often referred to as EM or ultrastructural examination.EM is time consuming and technically challenging, but allows the visualization of structures much, much smaller than anything visible on light miscoscopy. ... COX (Cytochrome Oxidase) Staining Cytochrome oxidase (cox) is an oxidative enzyme in the electron transport chain. Staining for cox is a sensitive method to assess capacity for oxidative metabolism. Type I muscle fibers have a higher capacity for oxidative metabolism than type II cells,... COX - Example of pathological findings with arrow (image) COX - Example of pathological findings (image) Cytochrome Oxidase staining - Example of pathological findings with arrow (image) Cytochrome Oxidase staining - Example of pathological findings (image) NADH - Example of pathological findings with arrow (image) NADH - Example of pathological findings (image) NADH NADH is a marker for oxidative activity. Histochemical staining for NADH can therefore give an indication of the relative oxitadive activity of a structure. Among other things, NDAH staining can be used to differentiate Type I from Type II mucle fibers, or show the presence of central cores. NADH - Example of pathological findings (image) NADH - Example of pathological findings (image) Structure of Skeletal Muscle - Schematic (image) ATPase ATPase stains are histochemical stains to assess the relative function of myofibrillar ATPase. This is helpful in distinguishing Type I fibers from Type II fibers.ATPase stains differently depending on the pH at which the stain is performed. At lower pH values (e... ATPase - Example of pathological findings (image) GFAP stain - Example of pathological findings (image) GFAP staining - Example of pathological findings (image) GFAP staining - Example of pathological findings (image) H & E H&E is short for Hematoxylin and Eosin. The H&E staining method is the most commonly used stain in neuropathology. It is a simple stain, and provides an excellent first look at the tissue of interest.Hematoxylin as a basic dye, and has an affinity for basophilic structures... H&E Stain of a Pilocytic Astrocytoma (image) H&E Stain of a Pilocytic Astrocytoma (image) Glioblastoma multiforme, spinal metastasis, GFAP immunohistochemical staining. with arrow (image) Monstrocellular Glioblastoma with arrow (image) Glioblastoma multiforme, microvascular proliferation, H&E stain x 400, labeled (image) Glioblastoma multiforme with granular cell differentiation, intraoperative smear x 400. with arrow (image) Brainstem Glioma in Spinal Cord Transverse (image) Glioblastoma multiforme, intraoperative smear preparation of drop metastasis, H&E x 100 with arrow (image) For comparison, normal adult cerebellum (image) For comparison, normal adult cerebellum with arrow (image) For comparison, normal neonate cerebellum, with arrow (image) For comparison, normal neonate cerebellum (image) Glioblastoma multiforme involving cerebellum, H&E stain x 100, Labeled (image) Anaplastic astrocytoma infiltrating corpus striatum, H&E stain x 200, labeled (image) Glioblastoma multiforme, small cell variant, H&E stain x 200 with arrow (image) Glioblastoma multiforme, pseudopallisading Necrosis, H&E stain x 200, Labeled (image) Gliosarcoma , H&E stain x400 with arrow (image) For comparison, normal neuropil (image) For comparison, normal brain (image) Glioblastoma multiforme, coronal section at level of posterior thalamus, labeled (image) GBM - MRI with contrast (image) GBM - MRI with contrast with arrow (image) GBM - MRI with contrast sagittal with arrow (image) GBM - MRI with contrast sagittal (image) Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is a WHO Grade IV primary brain tumor with a very poor prognosis. Astrocytomas Glia is made up of astrocytes, ologodendrocytes, and ependymal cells. Tumors that appear to arise from astrocytes are called astrocytomas.Astrocytomas are a varied group of primary brain tumors, and there are many subtypes. The prognosis and treatment will vary from subtype to subtype... Lipoastrocytoma, H&E stain x100, labeled (image) Optic Glioma Gross, Labeled (image) Lobar pilocytic astrocytoma, H&E stain x40 with arrow (image) Lobar pilocytic astrocytoma, H&E stain x200 (image) Glioblastoma multiforme, pseudopallisading Necrosis, H&E stain x 200 (image) Glioblastoma multiforme demonstrating pseudopalisading Necrosis H&E stain x 400 (image) Glioblastoma multiforme, spinal metastasis, GFAP immunohistochemical staining. (image) Glioblastoma multiforme involving cervical spinal cord, gross photograph. (image) Glioblastoma multiforme, small cell variant, H&E stain x 200 (image) Glioblastoma multiforme, microvascular proliferation, H&E stain x 400. (image) Glioblastoma multiforme with granular cell differentiation, intraoperative smear x 400. (image) Gliosarcoma , H&E stain x400 (image) Gliosarcoma (glioblastoma multiforme with prominent spindle cell differentiation), H&E stain x200 (image) Glioblastoma multiforme, coronal section at level of posterior thalamus (image) Glioblastoma multiforme presenting as extramedullary spinal tumor (image) Glioblastoma multiforme, intraoperative smear preparation of drop metastasis, H&E x 100 (image) Glioblastoma multiforme involving cerebellum, H&E stain x 100 (image) Glioblastoma Multiforme involving cerebellar white matter, H&E Stain X 40 (image) Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma, Surgical Exposure (image) Lipoastrocytoma, H&E stain x100 (image) Gemistocytic astrocytoma, H&E stain x 100 (image) Anaplastic astrocytoma infiltrating corpus striatum, H&E stain x 200 (image) Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor, intraoperative smear preparation x 400 (H&E stain) with arrows (image) Primary Meningeal Melanoma, H&E stain x 400 (image) Immature Teratoma of pineal region, H&E stain x 40 (image) Immature Teratoma of pineal region demonstrating primitive retinal differentiation, H&E stain x 200 (image) Tumoral calcinosis, H&E stain x 200 (image) Sclerotic meningioangiomatosis, H&E stain x 100. (image) Primary meningeal melanoma, H&E stained slide x 200. (image) Menigioangiomatosis, H&E stain x 40 (image) Meningeal Melanocytosis, H&E stain x 100 (image) Meningeal melanocytosis, H&E stain x 40 (image) Subependymoma of lateral ventricle, H&E stain x 100 (image) Sacrococcygeal Teratoma, gross photograph of Cauda Equina (image) Cystic hypothalamic hamartoma, gross photographs of surgically resected tumor (image) Copy of Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumor (image) Neuroblastoma with abundant neuropil and true rosettes, H&E stain x 100 (image) Medulloblastoma containing reactive astrocytosis, GFAP immunohistochemical staining x 200 (image) Medulloblastoma, reactive astrocyte, GFAP immunostain x 400 (image) Medulloblastoma With Extensive Nodularity, H&E stain x 100 (image) Medulloblastoma, mid sagittal section of brain (image) Medulloblastoma with extensive nodularity, H&E stain x 40 (image) Medulloblastoma with extensive nodularity, H&E stain x 200 (image) Medulloblastoma, extensive leptomeningeal dissemination, ventral surface of brain (image) Medulloblastoma, leptomeningeal dissemination, ventral surface of spinal cord. (image) Homer Wright rosettes, H&E stain x 200 (image) Desmoplastic medulloblastoma, Synaptophysin immunohistochemical staining x 100 (image) Desmoplastic Medulloblastoma, H&E x200 (image) Desmoplastic medulloblastoma, H&E stain x100 (image) Desmoplastic medulloblastoma, reticulin histochemistry x200 (image) Medulloblastoma, classic type, H&E stained slide x 200. (image) Medulloblastoma, large cell anaplastic variant, H&E stain slide x 400 (image) Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumor, ventral surface of brain. (image) Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumor, intraoperative smear preparation x 600 (H&E stain). with arrow (image) Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor, sagittal section through cerebellum and brainstem, close-up, labeled (image) For comparison, a tiger. (image) For comparison, normal brain (image) Copy of For comparison, Alexander disease (image) For comparison, Alexander disease (image) Krabbe disease, ventral surface of brain, highlighted (image) Cockayne syndrome, multiple coronal sections of brain (image) For comparison, normal brain (image) Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumor Ventral with arrow (image) Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor, sagittal section through cerebellum and brainstem, close-up (image) Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor, BAF-47 immunohistochemical staining with arrow (image) Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumor, intraoperative smear preparation x 600 (H&E stain). (image) Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor, H&E stain x 400 (image) Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor, intraoperative smear preparation x 400 (H&E stain). (image) Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor, BAF-47 immunohistochemical staining (image) Krabbe disease, H&E stain x 100 with arrow (image) For comparison, ventral surface of brain from someone without Krabbe disease (image) Krabbe disease, coronal section, close-up, labeled (image) Krabbe disease, H&E stained section, high power with arrow (image) Pelizaeus Merzbacher Coronal Close Up (image) Krabbe Sparing U Fibers Coronal (image) Alexander disease, coronal section, close-up view, highlighted (image) Adrenoleukodystrophy, horizontal section with arrow (image) Alexander Disease on T2-weighted MRI (image) Pineal region germinoma, H&E stain x 200 (image) Leptomeningeal dissemination of germinoma, H&E stained section x 40 (image) Germinoma, H&E stain x 400 (image) Germinoma, H&E stain x 400 (image) Germinoma, H&E stain x 400 (image) Suprasellar germinoma, ventral surface of brain, close-up. (image) Suprasellar germinoma, ventral surface of brain. (image) "Pineal apoplexy", mid sagittal section of brain. (image) Pineal region germinoma, H&E stained slide (image) Miliary metastases ("carcinomatous encephalitis"), coronal section of brain, close-up (image) Miliary metastases, cerebellum, low power H&E stained slide (image) Metastatic malignant melanoma, ventral surface of brain. (image) Metastatic melanoma, coronal section of brain at level of basal ganglia. (image) Metastatic Malignant Neuroectodermal Tumor, coronal section of brain at the level of the thalamic nuclei. (image) Metastatic carcinoma, cauda equina, gross photograph. (image) Metastatic carcinoma, filling and distending the fourth ventricle, transverse section. (image) Metastatic carcinoma, H&E stained section x 200 (image) Metastatic carcinoma, H&E stained section x 100 (image) Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, ventral surface of brain. (image) Intramedullary metastases, multiple transverse sections of spinal cord. (image) Epidural metastatic carcinoma with cord compression. (image) Carcinomatous meningitis, coronal section of occipital lobe of brain, close-up (image) Rhabdoid Meningioma, H&E stained section (image) Psammomatous meningioma, H&E stain. (image) Papillary meningioma, high power H&E stained section. (image) Microcystic meningioma, high power H&E stained section (image) Metaplastic meningioma, myxoid type (image) Metapastic meningioma with bone formation, H&E stain. (image) Muscle invasion by meningioma, H&E stained section (image) Meningioma invading brain, H&E stain. (image) Meningioma, status post embolization, H&E stained section. (image) Clear Cell Meningioma, high power H&E stained section (image) Chordoid Meningioma (WHO Grade II), H&E stained section, medium power (image) Atypical Meningioma (WHO Grade II) (image) Secretory meningioma, H&E stain x400 (image) Secretory meningioma, H&E stain x200 (image) Rhabdoid Meningioma, high power H&E stained slide (image) Rhabdoid meningioma, H&E stain x400 (image) Rhabdoid meningioma, H&E stain x200 (image) Rhabdoid meningioma, intraoperative smear preparation x 400 (image) Papillary meningioma, low power H&E stained section (image) Papillary meningioma, high power H&E stained section. (image) Microcystic meningioma, high power H&E stain. (image) Meningioma containing adenocarcinoma, intraoperative frozen section. (image) Clear Cell Menigioma, H&E (image) Chordoid Meningioma (WHO Grade II), H&E stained section, high power view. (image) Meningioma, WHO grade I, H&E stain x 100 (image) Meningioma (WHO GRADE I), H&E stain x40 (image) Atypical meningioma invading bone (image) Atypical meningioma, H&E stained section. (image) Anaplastic meningioma, H&E stained section (image) Anaplastic, brain invasive meningioma, ventral surface of brain. (image) Anaplastic meningioma, coronal section of brain at level of thalamic nuclei. (image) Hemangioblastoma, H&E stain x 200 (image) Hemangioblastoma, H&E stain x 400 (image) Cerebellar hemangioblastoma, H&E stain x 40 (image) Hemagioblastoma,dorsal surface of cerebellum (image) T cell lymphoma involving sural nerve, H&E stain x 40 (image) Malignant lymphoma invading peripheral nerve root, x 40 (image) Lymphoma peripheral nerve root, 200x (image) Large B-cell, Burkitt-like lymphoma within brain parenchyma, H&E stained section x 200 (image) Large B-cell Lymphoma Leg, H&E stained section (image) Extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (MALToma) , intraoperative smear,H&E stain x 400 (image) Extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (MALToma) of dura mater, H&E stain x 400 (image) Leptomeningeal and perivascular spread of leukemic cells in a patient with AML, H&E stain x 100 (image) Intravascular lymphomatosis, H&E stain x 400 (image) Intravascular lymphomatosis, stereotactic biopsy, H&E stain x 400 (image) Intravascular lymphomatosis, CD20 immunohistochemical staining (image) Spine amyloidoma, H&E stainx 400 (image) Plasmacytoma, intraoperative crush preparation x 400 (image) Plasmacytoma, H&E stained slide x 400 (image) Amyloidotic plasmacytoma, H&E stain x200 (image) Amyloidoma, cerebral cortex, polarization microscopy after Congo red stain. (image) Amyloidoma, cerebral parenchyma, H&E stain. (image) Primary CNS lymphoma, H&E stain x 400 (image) Primary CNS lymphoma, cerebral peduncle and midbrain, H&E stain x 40 (image) Primary central nervous system lymphoma, CD20 immunohistochemical staining (image) Primary central nervous system lymphoma, high power H&E stain (image) Primary central nervous system lymphoma, intra-operative crush preparation x 600 (image) Primary central nervous system lymphoma, reticulin histochemistry x 400 (image) Primary central nervous system lymphoma, intra-operative crush preparation x 400 (image) Primary central nervous system lymphoma, H&E stain x 200 (image) Neurosarcoidosis, ventral surface of brain. (image) Neurosarcoidosis, coronal surface of brain at the level of the optic chiasm. (image) Perivascular granulomatous inflammation in a patient with neurosarcoidosis (image) Granulomatous meningitis in a patient with sarcoidosis, H&E stain x 200. (image) HIV encephalopathy, P24 immunohistochemical staining for HIV x 400 (image) HIV encephalopathy, p24 immunohistochemistry x 200. (image) HIV encephalopathy, H&E stain x 400 (image) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, myelin stain, x 40 (image) Cytomegaloviral infection, H&E stain X600 (image) AIDS-related subependymal infection with enlarged cells demonstrating intranuclear inclusions, H&E stained section x 100 (image) Rabies encephalitis, Negri bodies within the cytoplasm of cerebellar Purkinje cell neurons. (image) West nile virus encephalitis, thalamus, H&E stained section (image) West nile virus myelitis, H&E stained section (image) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, whole mount of myelin stain section. (image) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, JC virus immunohistochemical staining (image) Progressive Multifocal leukoencephalopathy, horizontal section of brain. (image) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, H&E stained section x 100 (image) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, H&E stain section x 200 (image) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, H&E stained section x 200 (image) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, infected oligodendroglia cell x 600, H&E stain section. (image) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, infected astrocyte, H&E stain X 600 (image) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, immunohistochemical staining for JC virus. (image) Herpes simplex encephalitis, ventral surface of brain. (image) Herpes simplex encephalitis, coronal section through temporal lobe and basal ganglia. (image) Herpes simplex encephalitis, coronal section through cingulate gyri, close-up. (image) HIV encephalopathy, p24 immunohistochemical staining for HIV (image) HIV encephalopathy, H&E stained section (image) Cytomegalovirus infection in AIDS, coronal section through thalamic nuclei. (image) Congenital cytomegaloviral infection, multiple coronal sections of brain. (image) Congenital cytomegaloviral infection, lateral view (image) Sporadic JCD, corpus striatum, 3F4 immunohistochemical staining (image) Sporadic Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease, corpus striatal, H&E stain x 200 (image) Kuru plaques, granular cell layer of cerebellum, H&E stain x 400 (image) Sporadic Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease, stereotactic biopsy specimen, H&E stain x 400 (image) Gerstmann Straussler Scheinker disease, cerebellar cortex, H&E stain x 200 (image) Gerstmann Straussler Scheinker disease, cerebral cortex, H&E stain x 400 (image) Variant Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease, H&E stained section of cerebral cortex x 200 (image) Variant Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease, cerebral cortex, 3F4 immunohistochemical staining x 100 (image) Variant Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease, cerebral cortex, 3F4 immunohistochemical staining x 400 (image) Variant Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease, cerebral cortex, H&E stain x 400 (image) Sporadic Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease, VV2 subtype, cerebellum, 3F4 immunohistochemical staining (image) Sporadic Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease, VV2 subtype, sagittal section of cerebellum with control cerebellum (image) Familial prion disease, cerebellum, 3F4 immunohistochemical staining (image) Sporadic Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease, stereotactic biopsy specimen, H&E stain x 400 (image) Sporadic Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease, occipital lobe neocortex, H&E stained x 40 (image) Sporadic Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease, occipital lobe neocortex, H&E stain x 200 (image) Sporadic Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease, occipital neocortex, 3F4 immunohistochemical staining x 40 (image) Sporadic Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease, occipital neocortex, 3F4 immunohistochemical staining x 200 (image) Sporadic Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease, cerebellum, H&E stain x 200 (image) Sporadic Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease, cerebellum, 3F4 immunohistochemical staining x 100 (image) Gerstmann Straussler Scheinker disease, cerebellum, H&E stained section, low-power (image) Cerebral toxoplasmosis, coronal section through temporal lobe, close-up (image) Cerebral toxoplasmosis, coronal section at the level of the thalamus (image) Echinococcal Cyst, temporal lobe of brain, coronal section, close-up (image) Cysticercosis, surgical specimen, hemisected, close-up (image) Cysticercosis, surface of cerebral cortex, close-up (image) Cysticercosis, horizontal section of brain, close-up (image) Cysticercosis, coronal section of brain, close-up (image) Cysticercus, H&E stain section, low-power (image) Cysticercus, H&E stained section, high power (image) Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis, coronal section, close-up (image) The Plaque Thing! 303 Disorders of Ocular Motility 1 48 INO 45 The Plaque, Again 336 Myelin 04 389 Acute necrotizing hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis, outlined (image) Demyelinative plaque, status post irradiation, coronal section, with outline (image) Active demyelinative plaque, periventricular region, H&E stain x 40 (image) Active demyelinative plaque, periventricular region, H&E stain x 40 with arrow (image) Optic Neuritis, H&E stain x200 with arrow (image) Optic Neuritis, H&E stain x100 with arrow (image) Optic Neuritis, H&E stain x400 with arrow (image) Multiple Sclerosis, ventral surface of brainstem, shaded (image) Inactive demyelinated plaque, H&E stain section (image) Multiple sclerosis, transverse section through pons and cerebellum with arrows (image) Cryptococcoma, mucicarmine staining, high power with arrow (image) Cryptococcoma, mucicarmine staining, high power (image) Neonatal candidiasis, PAS stain whole mount section (image) Candidial microabscess, PAS 600x (image) Cryptococcoma, H&E stain section, high power (image) Phaeomycosis, high power H&E stained section (image) Phaeomycosis, PAS stained section x100 (image) Phaeomycosis, low power H&E stained section. (image) Phaeomycosis, Gomori methenamine Silver staining x 600 (image) Phaeohyphomycosis, lateral surface of brain. (image) Phaeohyphomycosis, coronal section of brain, close-up. (image) Phaeohyphomycosis, basal lateral surface of brain. (image) Mucormycosis, secondary to Zygomycetes infection, ventral surface of brain. (image) Mucormycosis, secondary to Zygomycetes infection, coronal section through basal ganglia. (image) Histoplasmoma, H&E stained section, high-power. (image) Cryptococcal meningitis, coronal section, close-up view of cerebral cortex and meninges. (image) Cryptococcal meningitis, high-power H&E stained section. (image) Cryptococcoma, middle cerebellar peduncle, transverse section. (image) Coccidiodes meningitis, high-power H&E stain (image) Cranial nerve inflammation secondary to coccidial meningitis, H&E stained section (image) Acute meningitis secondary to Coccidioides, cerebellum, low power H&E stain. (image) Neonatal cerebral candidiasis, coronal section, close-up. (image) Neonatal cerebral candidiasis, whole mount (image) Cerebral aspergillosis, brain biopsy, high-power H&E. (image) Cerebral aspergillosis, brain biopsy, low power H&E. (image) Cerebral aspergillosis, coronal section through the rostrum of the corpus callosum (image) Cerebral aspergillosis, coronal section, close-up. (image) Nocardial abscess, Gomori methenamine Silver staining X 600 (image) Nocardial abscess, Gomori methenamine Silver staining x 200 (image) Gummatous neurosyphilis, low power H&E stained section (image) Gummatous neurosyphilis, high power H&E stained section (image) Acute cerebritis, high power H&E stained section (image) Brain abscess, high power H&E stained section (image) Tuberculoma, dorsal medulla, transverse section (image) Potts disease, ventral surface of spinal cord, close-up (image) General paresis (paretic dementia), ventral surface of brain. (image) Congenital neurosyphilis, ventral surface of brain. (image) Subdural empyema, dorsal surface of brain, in situ photograph (image) Thick-walled cavity containing sterile fluid, thalamus, hard frontal section, close-up (image) Cerebritis with early abscess formation, occipital lobe of brain, coronal section (image) Nocardial abscess in immunocompromised host, modified acid fast (Kinyon) stain (image) Multiple brain abscesses, lateral surface of cerebrum (image) Brain abscess, coronal section of brain, close-up (image) Basilar meningitis, secondary to tuberculous meningeal infection (image) Acute bacterial meningitis, ventral surface of brain. (image) Late-delayed radiation necrosis, low power H&E stain through cerebral cortex and white matter. (image) Grinkers Myelinopathy, Crimbring stain for myelin, high-power (image) Grinkers Myelinopathy, crimbring stain for myelin (image) Late-delayed radiation necrosis, coronal section of brain (image) Late-delayed radiation necrosis, coronal section of brain (image) Acute methyl bromide toxicity, coronal section of brain, close up (image) Grinker Myelinopathy, Close Up of coronal section of brain (image) Grinker Myelinopathy (image) Superior cerebellar degeneration, sagittal midline section of cerebellum (image) Acute Lead Encephalopathy, Dorsal surface of brain. (image) Tumefactive demyelination, H&E stained slide x 200 (image) Tumefactive demyelination, low power H&E stain slide (image) Tumefactive demyelination, intraoperative crush preparation x 200 (image) tumefactive demyelination, brain/lesion interface, neurofilament immunostaining x 100 (image) Tumefactive demyelination, H&E stain slide x 200 (image) Tumefactive demyelination, H&E stained slide x 200 (image) Tumefactive demyelinating lesion, GFAP immunohistochemical staining x 200 (image) Tumefactive demyelination, frozen section preparation, H&E stain x 100 (image) Tumefactive demyelination, brain/lesion interface, high power H&E stain (image) Stereotactic biopsy of tumefactive demyelinating lesion, H&E stain x 20 (image) Tumefactive demyelination, immunohistochemical staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein (image) Tumefactive demyelination, high power H&E stained slide demonstrating perivascular inflammation (image) Tumefactive demyelination, lesion/brain interface, medium power H&E stain slide (image) Methotrexate neurotoxicity, H&E stain section, high power with arrow (image) Methotrexate neurotoxicity, H&E stained section x 100 with arrow (image) Tumefactive demyelination, low power H&E stained section labeled (image) Tumefactive demyelination, intraoperative crush preparation with circled cells (image) Tumefactive demyelination, low power H&E stained section (image) Tumefactive demyelination, intraoperative crush preparation (image) Machiafava-Bignami disease,Coronal sectioned through basal ganglia and cerebrum (image) Leigh's disease, transverse section through midbrain (image) Leigh's disease, coronal section through basal ganglia (image) Tumefactive demyelination, H&E x 400 (image) Tumefactive demyelination, H&E stain x 400 (image) Demyelinative plaque status post irradiation, coronal section. (image) Active demyelinative plaque, periventricular region, CD68 immunohistochemical staining (image) Optic Neuritis, H&E stain x200 (image) Optic Neuritis, H&E stain x100 (image) Optic Neuritis, H&E stain x400 (image) Multiple Sclerosis, ventral surface of brainstem (image) Alexander Disease, cerebral cortex and white matter, H&E stained section, 20X magnification (image) Perivent Plaque CD68 IHC - Outlined (image) Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis, extending into caudal brainstem, mid sagittal section of brain with arrow (image) Well-demarcated MS Plaque - Highlighted (image) Inactive demyelinative plaque, periventricular region of parietal white matter (image) Acute necrotizing hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis (image) Axon entering demyelinative plaque, ultrastructural section (image) Inactive demyelinated plaque, H&E stain section (image) Multiple sclerosis, transverse section through pons and cerebellum (image) Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis, extending into caudal brainstem, mid sagittal section of brain (image) Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis, ventral surface of cervical spinal cord (image) Pelizaus-Merzbacher disease, Crimbring stained section of white matter (image) Pelizaus-Merzbacher disease, H&E stained section of white matter (image) Methotrexate neurotoxicity, H&E stain section, high power (image) Methotrexate neurotoxicity, H&E stained section x 100 (image) Canavan disease, high powered PAS stained section of cerebral cortex (image) Canavan Disease, gray white junction, PAS stained section (image) Alexander Disease, H&E stained section of cerebral cortex, 200 X magnification (image) Vanishing White matter disease, thalamus, H&E stain section (image) Vanishing White matter disease, mid sagittal section (image) Vanishing white matter disease, cerebral cortex and white matter, H&E stain x 40 (image) Vanishing white matter disease, H&E stain, 200 X magnification (image) Vanishing White matter disease, H&E stain, high power (image) Vanishing white matter disease (image) Krabbe disease, H&E stain x 100 (image) Pelizaeus Merzbacher disease, Coronal section, Close Up (image) Krabbe disease, coronal section, close-up (image) Krabbe disease, H&E stained section, high power (image) Cockayne syndrome, ventral surface of brain (image) Alexander disease, coronal section, close-up view (image) Adrenoleukodystrophy, horizontal section (image) Periventricular leukomalacia with organized hemorrhage, Berlin blue stain for iron (image) Periventricular leukomalacia, low-power H&E stained section (image) Periventricular leukomalacia with hemorrhagic transformation (image) Periventricular leukomalaciawith advanced cavitation, right frontal lobe, coronal section. (image) Periventricular Leukomalacia With Cavitation (image) Neonatal brain, micro-injection of cerebral circulation (image) Organizing periventricular leukomalacia, high power H&E stain (image) Ulegyria, coronal section of brain, close-up (image) Hypotensive brainstem necrosis, organizing phase, H&E stain (image) Intrauterine Infarct Coronal (image) Hypotensive Brainstem Necrosis (image) Hypotensive brainstem necrosis (image) Acute hypotensive brainstem necrosis, hypoglossal nucleus, H&E stain (image) Multicystic Encephalopathy In Situ (image) Multicystic Encephalopathy, horizontal section (image) Multicystic Encephalopathy Coronal (image) Multicystic Encephalopathy Brainstem (image) Multicystic encephalopathy, whole mount, H&E stain (image) Massive hydrocephalus following intraventricular hemorrhage. (image) Intraventricular hemorrhage, coronal section (image) Germinal matrix hemorrhage, low power H&E stain (image) Sturge Weber disease, H&E stain, low-power (image) Tuberous Sclerosis, coronal section demonstrating numerous subependymal nodules and a subependymal giant cell tumor in the septum pellucidum (image) Cortical Tuber, medium-power hematoxylin and eosin stained section (image) Neurocutaneous Melanosis Ventral Close Up (image) Neurocutaneous Melanosis Ventral (image) Cortical Tuber, low-power hematoxylin and eosin stained section (image) Cerebral Tuber, Lateral (image) Meningioangiomatosis, H&E stain, 40 X. magnification (image) Alzheimer's disease, hippocampus, H&E 200x (image) Alzheimer Disease, nucleus basalis of Meynert, H&E stain time 600 (image) Alzheimer's disease, hippocampus Tau IHC 200x (image) Alzheimer disease, hippocampus, beta amyloid immunohistochemical stain (image) Alzheimer's disease, hippocampus, H&E stain x 400 (image) Alzheimer's disease, tau immunohistochemical stain, neocortex x 200 (image) PS1 familial Alzheimer disease, beta amyloid immunohistochemical stain, neocortex. (image) Alzheimer's disease, occipital neocortex, King Silver x100 (image) PS1 familial Alzheimer's disease, cotton-wool plaque, tau immunohistochemistry (image) Alzheimer's disease, hippocampus, King Silver stain x200 (image) Aged Downs syndrome, hippocampus, Bodian silver stain x 40 (image) Alzheimer's disease, occipital lobe, H&E stain x40 (image) Alzheimer's disease, hippocampus, King Stain x40 (image) Alzheimer's disease-occipital neocortex x200 (image) Alzheimer's disease-Hippocampus x40 (image) Alzheimer's disease, globose neurofibrillary tangle within the locus ceruleus (image) Alzheimer's disease, cerebral cortex, ubiquitin immunostaining (image) Alzheimer's disease, ventral surface of brain (image) Alzheimer's disease, dorsal surface of brain (image) Early Alzheimer's disease, sagittal section of brain and brainstem (image) Cerebellar plaques in familial Alzheimer's disease. (image) Familial (PS1) Alzheimer's disease, cerebral cortex, H&E stain (image) Familial Alzheimer's disease, cotton-wool plaque, H&E stain (image) Senile (neuritic) plaque, King's silver stain (image) Kugelberg Welander Ventral Spinal Cord (image) Necrotizing vasculitis involving epineurial blood vessels. (image) Necrotizing vasculitis involving epineurial arteriole (image) Hereditary sensory and motor neuropathy, type 1, sural nerve, toluidine blue X 600. (image) Hereditary sensory and motor neuropathy, type 1, sural nerve, toluidine blue x 400 (image) Hereditary sensory and motor neuropathy, type 1, sural nerve, toluidine blue x 200 (image) Diabetic neuropathy,Sural nerve, toluidine bluex600 (image) Diabetic neuropathy, sural nerve, toluidine blue x200 (image) Target fibers: NADH-TR stain (image) Mitochondrial Inclusions (image) Dysferlinopathy x100 (image) Congenital muscular dystrophy x200 (image) Diabetic thigh infarct x200 (image) Tubular Aggregates H&E stain (image) Gomori trichrome: Tubular aggregates x400 (image) NADH stain: Tubular aggregates x400 (image) Gomori trichrome: Nemaline myopathy x400 (image) Gomori trichrome stain: hyaline inclusions x200 (image) Centronuclear myopathy, Paraffin x200 (image) Central Core Disease: NADH (image) Central core disease: Cytochrome oxidase staining (image) Core myopathy: ATPase stain (image) How to edit online learning resource files (video) Rosetted Glioneuronal Tumor IVth Ventricle H&E with arrow (image) Chiari Malformations 03 247 Chiari Malformations 02 246 Chiari Malformations 01 230 Malformations 09 400 Malformations 07 399 Malformations 06 398 Malformations 05 397 Malformations 04 396 Malformations 03 395 Malformations 02 360 Congenital and Developmental Anomalies This section deals with congenital and developmental anomalies.Each subtype of these is further addressed in the related pages links below. You'll also find several review questions in the links below. Malformations 01 359 Neurocutaneous 03 401 Meningiomas In this section, there are dozens of images of meningiomas and their subtypes. There is also an excellent video, by Dr. Mark Cohen, providing an overview of meningiomas. Enjoy! NeurOnc 03 367 Fungal CNS Infections 02 73 Fungal CNS Infections 01 74 PAS candida WM 001 with arrow (image) Normal brain for comparison (image) Infections 01 350 Neurocutaneous Syndromes 01 59 Neurocutaneous Syndromes 07 344 Neurocutaneous 02 351 Neurocutaneous 01 349 Neurocutaneous 02 351 Neurocutaneous 01 349 Toluidine blue plastic embedded peripheral nerve 600x (image) Illustration of the Neural Circuitry of the Cerebellum (image) Reticulin stain Blood Vessel in CNS Lymphoma (image) Pick Bodies, H&E (image) NADH 400x (image) King Silver Stain AD hippocampus (image) HIV Encephalopathy mp (image) Hippocampus Cresyl Violet Coronal (image) Illustration of a hippocampal neuron (image) Hippocampus Cresyl Violet Coronal (image) Hirano Body 600x (image) Bodian Silver Alzheimer Hippocampus (image) Sporadic JCD in cerebellum, immune stain, high power (image) Corpora Amylacea 400x (image) Cresyl Violet Coronal Whole Mount (image) Anterior Horn CV 400x (image) Anterior Horn Cell Nissl 002 (image) Arachnoid Cyst 100x (image) Arachnoid Cyst 200x (image) Arachnoid Cyst 40x (image) Arachnoid Cyst 400x (image) Anterior Horn 400 (image) Anterior Horn Bodian 400x (image) Adrenoleukodystrophy (image) ACTH (image) AD Occipital Neocortex Tau IHC (image) Other Glial and Glioneuronal Tumors Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophies Example of trichrome stain (image) Normal Cerebellum - labelled (image) Negri Body from CDC Rabies page (image) Rabies - Negri Bodies H&E with arrow (image) Rabies - Negri Bodies H&E (image) Photomicrograph of H&E stained brain tissue from a rabies encephalitis patient. with arrow (image) Photomicrograph of H&E stained brain tissue from a rabies encephalitis patient. (image) Normal Cerebellum for Comparison (image) Negri Bodies - Labeled (image) Normal Cerebellum for Comparison (image) IVL cd20hp with arrow (image) Adult Brain Tumor Pathology 01 347 Cbllr GBM with arrow (image) Berlin Blue iron stain (image) Other non-immune stains These stains are ones that you may come across during your rotation or during your reading, but are less frequently used than the ones discussed elsewhere.These are all tinctorial stains, not immune or histochemical stains.Click any of the images below for... Normal Neuropil 01 346 Normal Neuropil - Oligos (image) Normal Neuropil for Comparison (image) Normal Neuropil with structures highlighted (image) Normal Neuropil (image) Normal Neuropil - Highlighted (image) Normal Neuropil - Basic Cell Types (image) Normal Neuropil for Comparison (image) Pseudopalisading Necrosis Explained (image) Malignant Hyperthermia and Myopathy 01 342 Neurologic Sequellae of Nutritional Deficiencies 03 269 Neurologic Sequellae of Nutritional Deficiencies 02 120 Neurologic Sequellae of Nutritional Deficiencies 01 119 Toxicity and Characteristic Pathology 02 270 Toxicity and Characteristic Pathology 01 142 Bilateral Pallidal Necrosis Highlighted (image) Bilateral pallidal necrosis (image) Gomori Trichrome - Normal Example (image) Normal Gyri for Comparison (image) Poly Gyria Dorsal with arrow (image) oligodendroglioma H&E with arrow (image) Normal Neuropil for Comparison (image) Neurooncology Most Commons 01 78 Pediatric Brain Tumor Pathology 01 237 Malignant Hyperthermia and Myopathy 01 342 Inclusion Body Myositis 01 131 Neuromuscular Disorders 01 209 <-- Click this thumbnail! See what happens! (video) Specimen at 100X with arrow (image) Specimen at 40X with arrow (image) How to use the microscope A brief and basic review on the use of the microscope.Many medical schools no longer require their students to learn how to use a microscope. And yet, you may be in a pathology course where you are expected to look at microscope slides. So here's a... Specimen at 200X (image) Specimen at 100X (image) Specimen at 40X (image) Overview of the Microscope (image) Basic Neuropathologic Reactions 5 (video) Pathology of Epilepsy (video) Parkinson Disease: Nature, Nurture, and Neurodegeneration (video) Demyelinating Diseases (video) Denervation, Dystrophy, and Disorders of Energy Metabolism (video) Neuromuscular disorders 1: Myopathies and Dystrophies There is a wide array of pathology associated with nerve and muscle diseases. This section will go into categories of muscle and nerve disorders, and certain specific disorders in depth. Try the most recent additions to this section - an overview by jdmiles... Congenital Muscular Dystrophies Like the classical congenital myopathies, the muscular dystrophies are genetically determined diseases of skeletal muscle. Unlike the classical myopathies, there are not unique pathological findings, like nemaline rods or central cores. So historically,... Congenital Myopathies There are many types of myopathies, and they can be categorized in many ways. One category that has clinical utility is the congenital myopathies. Congenital myopathies are genetic disorders which result in abnormalities in skeletal muscle. This section deals exclusively with congenital myopathies... Clinical Features of Congenital Myopathies Many of the congenital myopathies can present with similar clinical features. Several vary in severity depending on age of onset: Infantile FormsMay present as floppy baby syndrome. Severe weakness. Decreased spontaneous movement, followed by delay in meeting motor milestones... Myopathy with Tubular Aggregates Tubular aggregates are a fairly nonspecific finding. They are found in many muscle disorders, including perioric paralyses, some myotonic disorders, ond some toxic myopathies. Tubular aggreagates look like this (click to enlarge): References:Katirji, B... Categories of Congenital Myopathies The congenital myopathies are genetic diseases resulting in skeletal muscle abnormalities. They are often apparent at birth, but may not manifest symptoms until later in life. Categorization of Congenital Myopathies Since there is considerable overlap in... Reducing Body Myopathy Reducing Body Myopathy is rare, and has a variable course.The defining feature is the presence of reducing bodies, which are small, roundish bodies that often are found near the nuclei in muscle fibers. They can be visualized with trichrome. It's unclear what they are... Multicore Disease / Minicore Disease Multicore Disease and Minicore Disease are synonymous terms.The disorder they describe is related to, but distinct from, central core disease. In central core disease, the mitochondria-lacking cores run the whole length of the muscle fiber. In minicore... Centronuclear Myopathy and Myotubular Myopathy The terms myotubular myopathy and centronuclear myopathy are sometimes used interchangably. Myotubular myopathy specifically refers to the infantile, X-linked form of the syndrome. Centronuclear myopathy is used to describe forms inherited autosomally and with later onset... Centronuclear Myopathy with arrow (image) Nemaline Myopathy Like many of the congenital myopathies, the features of nemaline myopathy tend to be more severe course if the disease initially presents in infancy. A more moderate expression of the disease is expected if it presents in childhood. There is a wide clinical... Centronuclear Myopathy (image) Central Core Disease Like many of the congenital myopathies, the features of central core disease tend to be more severe course if the disease initially presents in infancy. A more moderate expression of the disease is expected if it presents in childhood, and the disease relatively... NADH stained skeletal muscle from a patient with CCD. (image) CCD - ATPase with label (image) Central Core Disease - ATPase stain (image) CCD COX with arrow (image) CCD NADH with arrow (image) Nemaline Myopathy Voiceover 3 Nemaline Myopathy (image) Nemaline Myopathy (image) <-- Click this thumbnail! See what happens! (video) This is an audio test 1 Sample Image with arrow (image) Another test image with arrow (image) Welcome to the Neuropathology course Welcine to the neuropathology course!The pages, images, and multimedia files in this course should provide an ample introduction to neuropathology for a neurology resident. This course is designed to be adaptable to your style of learning, and how you approach the course is up to you... Creutz Cell with arrow (image) TLDL creutzfeldt cell with arrow (image) Lewy Body x600 with arrow (image) Basic Neuropathologic Reactions 4 (video) Basic Neuropathologic Reactions 3 (video) Basic Neuropathologic Reactions 2 (video) Basic Neuropathologic Reactions 1 (video) Clinical Pathology Conference - November 6 2008 (video) Shared Educational Resources This section contains recorded lectures on neuropathology. LEGAL STUFF: These presentations may contain information which is subject to copyright. Downloading or copying any of these files is prohibited. Although this material, or portions of this material... NADH - Normal Example (image) Meningioma - Contrast CT (image) Synuclein (image) EM - Example of pathological findings (image) H&E - Example of pathological findings with arrow (image) H&E - Example of pathological findings (image) Optic Pathway Glioma with arrow (image) Optic Pathway Glioma (image) Pilocytic Astrocytoma Pilocytic astrocytomas are less common than diffuse astrocytomas, accounting for about 2% of all primary CNS tumors in all age groups. However, they are the most common glioma in children.They frequently occur in the cerebellum, but can occur in other areas as well... Gemistocytic Astrocytoma H&E with arrow (image) Meningiomas (video) How to reload questions on FrontalCortex.com (video) This is a test with arrow with arrow (image) This is another test 2 This is a test with arrow (image) This is a test (image) True ependymal rosettes x400 with arrow (image) Ependymomas Ependymomas are classified as glial tumors, although they also have epithelial properties. They are common, accounting for 3%-9% of all brain tumors. They can occur at any age, but are somewhat more common in children.40% of ependymomas occur in the first decade of life... How to use this online course This online course has many features which can help you learn what you need to know. Freidreich Ataxia Spinal Cord - Loss of Dorsal Columns (image) Inclusion Body Myositis Inclusion body myositis is an inflammatory myopathy. You can see rimmed vaucoles on trichrome, like in this imageNow I can type stuff here. Posterior Commissure Coronal with arrow (image) Anterior Commissure Coronal - Caudate (image) Anterior Commissure Coronal - Lateral Ventricle (image) Gomori Trichrome From an aesthetic point of view, the Gomori trichrome is my favorite muscle stain. It also extremely helpful, and yields an abundance of the information. A trichrome stain is a stain that highlights different chemical features in three different colors... Basal Ganglia Coronal Close - Insula (image) Basal Ganglia Coronal Close - Lat Ventricle (image) Basal Ganglia Coronal Close - Fornix (image) Basal Ganglia Coronal Close - CC (image) Basal Ganglia Coronal Close - Nuc Accumbens (image) Basal Ganglia Coronal Close - Claustrum (image) Basal Ganglia Coronal Close - Putamen (image) Basal Ganglia Coronal Close- Caudate (image) Basal Ganglia Coronal Close - Septum (image) Basal Ganglia Coronal Close - Internal Capsule (image) Ragged Red Fiber Trichrome with arrow (image) Tub Agg Trichrome x400 with arrow (image) Circle of Willis The circle of Willis is an anastamosis where the posterior circulation (those arteries derived from the vertebral arteries) and the anterior circulation (those arteries which arise from the carotid arteries) come together. The carotid arteries enter the skull along the anterior aspect of the neck... Circle of Willis - Basilar with arrow (image) Circle of Willis - Basilar (image) Circle of Willis - ICA (image) Copy of Circle of Willis Dissected - ICA (image) Nemaline Trichrome x400 with circles (image) Gomori Trichrome, showing nemaline rods (image) Gomori Trichrome, showing inclusion bodies (image) IBM trichrome with highlighted rimmed vacuoles (image) Normal Coronal Cut Through the Thalamus (image) Angiocentric glioma x400 with arrow (image) hyaline inclusions trichrome x200 with arrow (image) Anterior Commissure Coronal with arrow (image) Circle of Willis Dissected - Ant Choroidal (image) Circle of Willis Dissected - basilar (image) Circle of Willis Dissected - SCA (image) Circle of Willis Dissected - PCA (image) Circle of Willis Dissected - PCOM (image) Circle of Willis Dissected - ICA (image) Circle of Willis Dissected - ACOM (image) Circle of Willis Dissected - A2 (image) Circle of Willis Dissected - A1 (image) Circle of Willis Dissected - MCA (image) Tuberous Sclerosis SEGA and Nodules with arrow (image) Normal Cerebellum (image) Alcoholic Cerebellar Degeneration with arrow (image) Normal Cerebellum (image) CCD COX with arrow (image) Temporal Artery Surgical Exposure with arrow (image) Inclusion Body Myositis H&E 200 with arrow (image) Inclusion body myositis trichrome x200 with arrow (image) Tub Agg Trichrome x400 with arrow (image) IBM trichrome with highlighted rimmed vacuoles (image) Inclusion body myositis x400 with arrow (image) Trichrome IBM hp Inclusions (image) HIV encephalopathy Multinucleated Giant Cell (image) MRI Wernicke with Arrows (image) Psammomatous Melanotic Schwannoma H&E (image) GFAP hp (image) GFAP island H&E hp (image) schwannoma (image) Primary Meningeal Melanoma H&E x400 (image) Intestinal Ganglioneuromatosis H&E (image) Spindle Cell Oncocytoma H&E (image) Lymphocytic Hypophysitis H&E (image) Lymphocytic Hypophysitis Synaptophysin IHC (image) Normal Pituitary H&E (image) Acidophil Stem Cell Adenoma H&E (image) Crooke Hyaline Change Pituitary Adenoma (image) Schwannomas 100 lp (image) Schwannoma Antoni A& B (image) SCHWAN HP (image) Vestibular Schwannoma Ventral (image) Schwannoma EMA (image) Schwannoma GFAP lp (image) Schwannoma Low Power (image) Schwannoma LP (image) Tanycytic Ependymoma H&E (image) Chronic Wernicke Coronal (image) Wernicke encephalopathy Pontine Tegmentum H&E (image) Hippocampus Coronal (image) Swiss Cheese Coronal Multiple (image) Thalamus Coronal Close Up (image) Thalamus Coronal (image) Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy H&E (image) Prion IHC cerebrum (image) Prion IHC cerebellum (image) Cysticercosis H&E Low Power (image) Ecchordosis Physalifera (image) Ischemic Micrenceohaly Lateral (image) Posterior Fossa Arachnoid Cyst Sagittal (image) Temporal Lobe Arachnoid Cyst Ventral (image) Dandy-Walker Whole Mount Myelin (image) PSP Globose NFT Substantia Nigra H&E (image) Subthalamic NFT in PSP (image) Thalamotomy for Parkinson Disease 1976 Coronal (image) MSA Inferior Olive Synuclein High Power (image) Pleomorphic LB x600 (image) PSP Coronal Subthalamic (image) ALS anterior horn cells ubiquitin UHC x100 (image) ALS anterior horn cells ubiquitin UHC x200 (image) Alzheimer Disease NFTin Locus Ceruleus H&E (image) Dura Malt Lymphoma x100 (image) Rosetted Glioneuronal Tumor IVth Ventricle H&E (image) Cysts Miscellaneous Tumors Pituitary Tumors Pineal Tumors Nerve Sheath Tumors Metastases Other Hematopoietic Tumors Primary CNS Lymphoma Hemangioblastoma Hematopoietic Tumors Lhermitte-Duclos DNT Miscellaneous Perinatal Porencephaly Perinatal Disorders of Gray Matter Multicystic Encephalopathy Intraventricular hemorrhage Storage diseases Inflammatory Myopathy Miscellaneous Demyelinating Diseases Sarcoidosis Sarcoidosis is not an infectious process. However, there are similarities in the appearance of sarcoidosis to the appearance of infection. It is helpful to view and contrast the two processes together. Rachischisis Mitochondrial disorders Inborn errors of metabolism Holoprosencephaly Developmental and Congenital Anomalies Related to Epilepsy Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum Wernicke Encephalopathy (image) Chronic Wernicke Coronal (image) Acute Wernicke Midbrain Transverse (image) Wernicke Encephalopathy Gomori Trichrome Nemaline Rods 2 (image) Gomori Trichrome Nemaline Rods 2 (image) Amyloid Amyloid staining can indicate the presence of senile (amyloid) plaques, or amyloidosis. Copy of Example of immune staining (image) Amyloid Angiopathy Labeled (image) Temporary Image (image) A Foot (image) Temporary Image (image) Amyloid Plaques on Immune Staining for Amyloid (image) Silver Stain The silver stain is not used clinically as commonly as it used to be.However, if you see a silver stain on the Boards, think of Alzheimer's disease and amyloid plaques. Acute neuronal necrosis cerebellum 2 (image) Normal Cerebellum (image) Neonatal Cerebellum Neonatal cerebellum looks different from mature cerebellum. There is an external granule cell layer, which can be seen in these images as a rim of blue cells around the edge of the cerebellum. Temporary Image (image) Vascular Disease 1: Reaction to ischemic injury Acute neuronal necrosis - cerebellum (image) A Foot (image) Temporary Image (image) Amyloid Angiopathy Labeled (image) Normal samples (image) Normal samples (image) Normal samples (image) Normal samples (image) Normal samples (image) Normal samples (image) Normal samples (image) Normal samples (image) Normal samples (image) Example of immune staining (image) Example of trichrome stain (image) The phakomatoses Sclerotic Meningioangiomatosis The phakomatoses (image) The phakomatoses (image) The phakomatoses Neurofibromatosis, type 1 Review of the relevant anatomy (image) Review of the relevant anatomy (image) Review of the relevant anatomy (image) Review of the relevant anatomy Erk.EEEK. Braaaak. Another test image (image) Review of the relevant anatomy Review of the relevant anatomy Review of the relevant anatomy Review of the relevant anatomy Review of the relevant anatomy Review of the relevant anatomy Review of the relevant anatomy Review of the relevant anatomy Review of the relevant anatomy Review of the relevant anatomy Review of the relevant anatomy Review of the relevant anatomy Review of the relevant anatomy Review of the relevant anatomy Review of the relevant anatomy Review of the relevant anatomy Review of the relevant anatomy Review of the relevant anatomy Radiologic pathology Cranial and spinal trauma Neuromuscular disorders 2: Peripheral nerve Neuromuscular disorders 3: Neuromuscular junction disorders Neurodegenerative disease Perinatal diseases Metabolic, toxic, and nutritional diseases. Vascular Disease 2: Vasculitides Introduction to Neuropathology for Neurology Residents Welcome to Introduction to Neuropathology for Neurology Residents.This course is designed to expose you to the basics of neuropathology. We don't expect at the end of this course that you'll be able to diagnose neuropathologic zebras, or get a job as a neuropathologist... Gallery ImagesMedial View Normal Gross Brain Anterior Nucleus of the Thalamus Anterior Nucleus of the Thalamus Anterior Nucleus of the Thalamus Anterior Nucleus of the Thalamus White Matter Gyrus Sodium-Potassium ATPase Goldman Equation Nernst potassium Nernst sodium nernst equation cell sodium and potassium cell sodium gradient cell potassium gradient Cell Membrane Detailed Diagram L Neuron with oligodendrocyte and Cell Membrane Detailed Diagram L Cell Membrane Detailed Diagram B Superior-Inferior whole body Inferior Superior CT subarachnoid hemorrhage CT subarachnoid hemorrhage CT subarachnoid hemorrhage Eustachi Nervous System Olfactory nerves and olfactory b CT SAH Horizontal slice of gross brain ACA infarct sagittal labeled Alexia without agraphia resultin MRI Fluent Aphasia with arrow MRI - Enhancing Meninges with ar MRI ADC acute right MCA stroke MRI w GAD normal brain MRI w GAD - enhancing meninges MRI T2 Virchow Robin spaces CT left ICH CT dense MCA highlighted MRI DWI left ACA stroke CT left PCA stroke MRI DWI fluent aphasia MRI T2 meningioma MRI T1 meningioma MRI T1 Gad meningioma MRI GRE left frontal meningioma MRI FLAIR meningioma MRI DWI meningioma MRI ADC meningioma CT left SDH CT left SDH mass effect CT SDH mass effect and midline s CT SDH 2 CT SDH 1 CT R MCA stroke CT Circle of Willis highlighted T2 MRI MCA ACA highlighted MRI T2 MCA ACA normal MRI T2 semicircular canals Normal head CT CT dense MCA with arrow CTA Right M1 occlusion CT dense MCA CT Circle of Willis Lobes of the cerebral hemisphere Brain Horizontal Cortex highligh Brain Horizontal VHP Grey Matter vs White Matter NMJ Myelin sheath How myelin wraps around an axon Oligodendrocyte Neuron myelin segment Neuron myelin Neuron axon Neuron dendrites Neuron soma Neuron with connections Neuron with afferent connections Neuron, numbered Lateral Medial Rostral Caudal whole body Parasagittal Plane Rostral-Caudal Ventral Dorsal Distal Proximal Anatomical Position Planes of Section Planes of Section Fish Sagittal Plane Coronal Plane Horizontal Plane Acanthameba 600x ALS crim Mona Lisa - Left Horner MRI Right MCA stroke DWI MRI acute R MCA stroke Limbic Encephalitis H&E 200x MRI T1 w Gad lacune Achilles Reflex Agraphesthesia Alzheimer Disease Anterior vs. Posterior Pituitary Brachial Plexus Brain Tumor Incidence In Childre Broca's Aphasia Cranial Nerve Hemorrhages Cranial Nerves: Sensory, Motor, Disdiadochokinesis Hand Dermatomes Hearing Loss In a Rock Band Memb Horner's Syndrome Huntington's Chorea Hypothalamic Nuclei Lumbar Disc Herniation Affected Median Nerve Runs with Radial Ar Myasthenia Gravis_Eaton Lambert Ophthalmoparesis Spinothalamic Tract Superior vs. Inferior Brachial P Syphilis Treatment Ventricular System Of The Brain Voice Hoarseness Wernicke's Aphasia Bear with arrow Bear with arrow Neuron - Soma Neuron CT Left MCA Infarct Peripheral Nerve - Perineurium Radial Motor NCS, Recording the Radial Motor NCS, Recording the Radial Motor NCS, Recording the Radial Motor Nerve Conduction St Median Sensory Nerve Conduction Median Motor Nerve Conduction St Median Motor Nerve Conduction St Median Motor Nerve Conduction St Median Motor Nerve Conduction St Musculocutaneous Motor Nerve Con Musculocutaneous Motor Nerve Con Musculocutaneous Motor Nerve Con Musculocutaneous Motor Nerve Con Musculocutaneous Motor Nerve Con Radial Sensory Nerve Conduction Ulnar Sensory Nerve Conduction S Ulnar Motor Nerve - Recording th Ulnar Motor Nerve - Recording th Ulnar Motor Nerve - Recording th Ulnar Motor Nerve - Recording th Ulnar Motor Nerve - Recording th Ulnar Motor Nerve - Recording th Ulnar Motor Nerve - Recording th Ulnar Motor Nerve - Recording th Ulnar Motor Nerve - Recording th Ulnar Motor Nerve - ADM 2 Radial Sensory Nerve Conduction Median Sensory Nerve Conduction Median Sensory Nerve - Recording Ulnar Sensory Nerve - Recording Ulnar Palmar Mixed Nerve (o Median Palmar Mixed Nerve ( Phrenic Motor Nerve Conduction S Phrenic Motor Nerve Conduction S Phrenic Motor Nerve Conduction S Spinal Accessory Motor Nerve - r Spinal Accessory Motor Nerve - r Spinal Accessory Motor Nerve - r Radial Motor NCS, Recording the Radial Motor NCS, Recording the Radial Motor NCS, recording from Radial Motor NCS, Placement of e Median-Ulnar 2nd Lumbrical-Inter Median-Ulnar 2nd Lumbrical-Inter NCS Median wrist-palm segmental NCS Median wrist-palm segmental NCS Axillary Nerve Erb's po Saphenous Nerve – Sensory dist Gray - Saphenous Nerve Polyglucosan body disease, intra Unstructured mini-core, electron Normal skeletal muscle, H&E sta Normal skeletal muscle, H&E stai Leukemic infiltration of periphe Normal skeletal muscle, ATPase s Normal skeletal muscle, cytochro Clival chordoma, H&E stain x 400 Chordoma (clivus), H&E Non-neoplastic choroid plexus, H Choroid plexus papilloma, H&E st Papillary tumor of the pineal re Basal ganglia germinoma, low pow Meningioma, H&E stain x 200 Rosetted glioneuronal tumor of t Rosetted glial neuronal tumor of Pilomyxoid astrocytoma, H&E stai Pilomyxoid astrocytoma, H&E stai Pilocytic astrocytoma, intraoper Meningeal hemangiopericytoma Microcystic meningioma with adhe Homer Wright rosettes, synaptoph Angiocentric glioma, vimentin im Astroblastomatous rosettes, H&E Anaplastic giant cell ependymoma Amyloid beta related angiitis, Amyloid beta related angiitis, H Anaplastic ependymoma, H&E x 400 Anaplastic ependymoma, microvasc Rhomboids highlighted. Latissimis dorsi highlighted Supraspinatous nerve with arrow This cartoon shows the infraspin MSA Hot Cross Bun sign with arro MSA Hot Cross Bun sign 2 with ar MSA Hot Cross Bun sign 2 MSA Hot Cross Bun sign Facial Nerve Blink Reflexes – recording the O Facial Motor Nerve – recording t H-Reflex - recording the Soleus Femoral Motor Nerve - recording Tibial Motor Nerve - recording t Tibial Motor Nerve - recording t Peroneal Motor Nerve - recording Peroneal Motor Nerve - recording Medial and Lateral Plantar Mixed Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Sensor Saphenous Sensory Nerve – record Superficial Peroneal Sensory Ner Sural Sensory Nerve - recording Spinal Accessory Motor Nerve - r Axillary Motor Nerve - recording Musculocutaneous Motor Nerve - r Radial Motor Nerve - Recording t Median and Ulnar motor nerves- R Ulnar Motor Nerve - Recording th Ulnar Motor Nerve - Recording th Median Motor Study - Recording t Supinator with arrow Supinator with arrow pronator quadratus highlighted Flexor Pollicis Brevis with arro Flexor digitorum profundus highl Flexor Carpi Ulnaris highlighted Tumefactive demyelination, H&E s Central Pontine Myelinolysis, tr Thoracic Spinal Cord Cross-Secti Oligodendrocyte with arrow Oligodendrocyte Extensor carpi radialis longus h Type 1 prion hippocampus IHC Type 2 prion hippocampus H&E Type 1 prion hippocampus H&E Type 2 prion hippocampus IHC Type 1 prion hippocampus IHC Type 2 prion cerebellar IHC Type 1 prion cerebellar IHC Type 2 prion cerebellar IHC Type 1 prion cerebellar IHC Medial Antebrachial Cutaneous Se Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous S Ulnar Palmar Mixed Nerve (o Median Palmar Mixed Nerve ( Ulnar Sensory Nerve – Ring Finge Radial Sensory Nerve (antid Ulnar Sensory Nerve (antidr Median Sensory Nerve – thumb � Median Sensory Nerve - middle &# Median Sensory Nerve – Ring Fing Median Sensory Study to Index Vitruvian RUE Ulnar Vitruvian RUE Radial Vitruvian RUE Medial Antebrachia Vitruvian RUE Lateral Antebrachi Vitruvian RUE Intercostobrachial Vitruvian RUE Median Vitruvian RUE Dorsal Antebrachia Flexor Digitorum Sublimis, Highl highlighted_brachioradialis Anconeus highlighted Viral Encephalitis - MRI with ar Recent middle cerebral artery in Recent middle cerebral artery in Cavitated MCA infarct, lateral s MRI DWI - Acute Left PCA Infarct Posterior cerebral artery infarc Opponens pollicis highlighted Flexor Digitorum Superficialis w Flexor Carpi Radialis highlighte Flexor Carpi Radialis highlighte Biceps Brachii with arrow Flexor Carpi Radialis with arrow First Dorsal Interosseous Muscle Abductor Pollicis Brevis (A Triceps with arrow Abductor Digiti Minimi - Highlig First Dorsal Interosseous Surfac First Dorsal Interosseous in Act Abductor Digiti Minimi Surface V Abductor Digiti Minimi Surface V First Dorsal Interosseous Surfac First Dorsal Interosseous in Act First Dorsal Interosseous Needle Wallenberg Syndrome MRI with arr Dorsolateral Medullary Infarct, Wallenberg Syndrome MRI Dorsolateral Medullary Infarct, Insertion point for EMG study of Hand, Palmar APB_Highlited_deleteme Abductor Pollicis Brevis with ar Brainstem Ependymoma, transverse fourth ventricular ependymoma, s Posterior Fossa Sagittal, Labele fourth ventricular ependymoma, s Canavan disease, high powered PA Alexander Disease, cerebral cort Alexander Disease, H&E stained s Vanishing white matter disease Vanishing white matter disease, Vanishing white matter disease, Vanishing White matter disease, Temporal Artery Congo Red, 40x, Normal Cerebellum, Labeled with Frontal Coronal, Labeled EM - Example of pathological fin COX - Example of pathological fi Cytochrome Oxidase staining - Ex NADH - Example of pathological f Structure of Skeletal Muscle - S Glioblastoma multiforme, spinal Monstrocellular Glioblastoma wit Glioblastoma multiforme, microva Glioblastoma multiforme with gra For comparison, normal adult cer Glioblastoma multiforme involvin Brain Pie Chart Anaplastic astrocytoma infiltrat Glioblastoma multiforme, small c Glioblastoma multiforme, pseudop Gliosarcoma , H&E stain x400 wit Glioblastoma multiforme, coronal Glioblastoma multiforme, intraop GBM - MRI with contrast with arr GBM - MRI with contrast sagittal GBM - MRI with contrast sagittal GBM - MRI with contrast Lipoastrocytoma, H&E stain x100, Optic Glioma Gross, Labeled Lobar pilocytic astrocytoma, H&E Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumor For comparison, a tiger. Pelizaeus Merzbacher disease, Co Krabbe disease, ventral surface Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumor Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumor Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor Krabbe disease, H&E stain x 100 Krabbe disease, coronal section, Krabbe disease, H&E stained sect Alexander disease, coronal secti Adrenoleukodystrophy, horizontal Acute necrotizing hemorrhagic le Demyelinative plaque, status pos Active demyelinative plaque, per Optic Neuritis, H&E stain x200 w Optic Neuritis, H&E stain x100 w Optic Neuritis, H&E stain x400 w Multiple Sclerosis, ventral surf Inactive demyelinated plaque, H& Longitudinally extensive transve Multiple sclerosis, transverse s Cryptococcoma, mucicarmine stain Methotrexate neurotoxicity, H&E Methotrexate neurotoxicity, H&E Tumefactive demyelination, low p Tumefactive demyelination, intra Perivent Plaque CD68 IHC - Outli Longitudinally extensive transve Well-demarcated MS Plaque - High Rosetted Glioneuronal Tumor IVth PAS candida WM 001 with arrow Glioneuronal Tumor with Neuropil Glioneuronal Tumor with Neuropil TLDL hp Temporal Artery with Amyloid 20x Temporal Artery with Amyloid 40x Toluidine blue plastic embedded Tumefactive Demyelination CD68 I Aneurysm Wall Masson Trichrome Illustration of the Neural Circu Reticulin stain Blood Vessel in Rhabdoid Meningioma Siderosis Medulla HP Sturge Weber leptomeningeal angi Glioneuronal Tumor with Neuropil Glioneuronal Tumor with Neuropil TLDL PLEOMORPH 200x Pick Bodies, H&E Pelizaus-Merzbacher Pelizaus Merzbacher Crimbring Polymicrogyria Coronal Whole Mou NADH-TR target fibers NADH 400x Sporadic JCD in Neostriatum, H&E Nerve Root Lymphoma 200x Nerve Root Lymphoma 40x Occ Am IHC King Silver Stain AD hippocampus Kuru HP Lafora Bodies MTX leuko HP Glioneuronal Tumor with Neuropil Grinkers Myelinopathy crim Grinkers Myelinopathy crim HP Gumma HP HIV Encephalopathy mp HIV Encephalopathy 400x HIV Encephalopathy p24 immune st HIV Encephalopathy p24 immune st Hippocampus Cresyl Violet Corona Illustration of a hippocampal ne Hippocampus Cresyl Violet Corona Hirano Body 600x Immature Teratoma Anlage HP Bodian Silver Alzheimer Hippocam Calpainopathy FS 200x Calpainopathy 200x Calpainopathy 400x Calpainopathy 600x Canavan Disease Grey White PAS Sporadic JCD in cerebellum, immu Chordoid Meningioma Churg-Strauss with Eosinophils Corpora Amylacea 400x Cresyl Violet Coronal Whole Moun Cryptococcoma H&E Anterior Horn CV 400x Anterior Horn Cell Nissl 002 Arachnoid Cyst 100x Arachnoid Cyst 200x Arachnoid Cyst 40x Arachnoid Cyst 400x Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumor Anterior Horn 400 Anterior Horn Bodian 400x Alzheimer type 2 astrocytes 400x Alzheimer type 2 astrocytes 400x Alzheimer Disease nBMx600 Amyloid Angiopathy Congo Red pol Amyloid Angiopathy Congo Red Anencephaly Sag WM 001 Anencephaly Saggital Whole Mount Aneurysm Wall Movat Pentachrome AD hippocampus NFT and SP 400x AD hippocampus BAM ihc 100x AD hippocampus Tau IHC 200x AD hippocampus 200x AD hippocampus 40x Acute Ischemia Cerebellum Adrenoleukodystrophy ACTH AD Occipital Neocortex Tau IHC Normal Neuropil - Neurons Normal Cerebellum - labelled Negri Body from CDC Rabies page Rabies - Negri Bodies H&E with a Rabies - Negri Bodies H&E Photomicrograph of H&E stained b Photomicrograph of H&E stained Negri Bodies - Labeled Negri Bodies Normal Cerebellum IVL cd20hp with arrow Cbllr GBM with arrow Normal Neuropil - Oligos Normal Neuropil - Highlighted Normal Neuropil - Basic Cell Typ Pseudopalisading Necrosis Explai Bilateral Pallidal Necrosis High Gomori Trichrome Normal Muscle oligodendroglioma H&E with arrow Normal Neuropil for Comparison Poly Gyria Dorsal with arrow Gray2.png Gray3.png Gray4.png Gray5.png Gray6.png Gray7.png Gray8.png Gray9.png Gray11.png Gray12.png Gray14.png Gray15.png Gray16.png Gray17.png Gray18.png Gray19.png Gray20.png Gray21.png Gray22.png Gray23.png Gray24.png Gray26.png Gray27.png Gray28.png Gray29.png Gray30.png Gray31.png Gray32.png Gray33.png Gray34.png Gray35.png 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Gray1221.png Gray1222.png Gray1223.png Gray1224.png Gray1225.png Gray1226.png Gray1227.png Gray1229.png Gray1231.png Gray1232.png Gray1233.png Gray1234.png Gray1235.png Gray1236.png Gray1237.png Gray1238.png Gray1240.png Gray1241.png Gray1242.png Gray1244.png Gray1245.png Gray1246.png Gray1247.png Specimen at 100X with arrow Specimen at 40X with arrow Optical Miscroscope Smaller Optical Micsroscope Centronuclear Myopathy with arro Centronuclear Myopathy NADH stained skeletal muscle fro CCD - ATPase with label CCD COX with arrow CCD NADH with arrow Sample Image with arrow Another test image with arrow Creutz Cell with arrow TLDL creutzfeldt cell with arrow Lewy Body x600 with arrow NADH - normal muscle Acetylcholine Acetylcholine Meningioma - Contrast CT H&E - Example of pathological fi Optic Tract Glioma with arrow Gemistocytic Astrocytoma H&E wit This is a test with arrow with a This is a test with arrow Ependymal Pseudorosette with arr True ependymal rosettes x400 wit Freidreich Ataxia Spinal Cord - Posterior Commissure Coronal wit Anterior Commissure Coronal - Ca Anterior Commissure Coronal - La Basal Ganglia Coronal Close - In Basal Ganglia Coronal Close - La Basal Ganglia Coronal Close - Fo Basal Ganglia Coronal Close - CC Basal Ganglia Coronal Close - Nu Basal Ganglia Coronal Close - Cl Basal Ganglia Coronal Close - Pu Basal Ganglia Coronal Close- Cau Basal Ganglia Coronal Close - Se Basal Ganglia Coronal Close - In Ragged Red Fiber Trichrome with Ragged Red Fiber Trichrome Sural Nerve Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve Ilioinguinal Nerve Deep Peroneal Nerve Anterior Femoral Cutaneous Nerve Circle of Willis - Basilar with Nemaline Trichrome x400 with cir Angiocentric glioma x400 with ar hyaline inclusions trichrome x20 Anterior Commissure Coronal with Circle of Willis Dissected - Ant Circle of Willis Dissected - bas Circle of Willis Dissected - SCA Circle of Willis Dissected - PCA Circle of Willis Dissected - PCO Circle of Willis Dissected - ICA Circle of Willis Dissected - ACO Circle of Willis Dissected - A2 Circle of Willis Dissected - A1 Circle of Willis Dissected - MCA Tuberous Sclerosis SEGA and Nodu Alcoholic Cerebellar Degeneratio CCD COX with arrow Temporal Artery Surgical Exposur Inclusion Body Myositis H&E 200 Inclusion body myositis trichrom Tub Agg Trichrome x400 with arro IBM trichrome with highlighted r Inclusion body myositis x400 wit Trichrome IBM hp Inclusions HIV encephalopathy Multinucleate MRI Wernicke with Arrows Psammomatous Melanotic Schwannom GFAP hp GFAP island H&E hp schwannoma menigioangiomatosis 40x H&E Primary Melanoma H&E Primary Meningeal Melanoma H&E Primary Meningeal Melanoma H&E x Sclerotic Meningioangiomatosis H Tumoral Calcinosis H&E Intestinal Ganglioneuromatosis H Miliary Metastases Cerebellum H& Hypothalamic Hamartoma Surgical Arach Melanocytosis Microcystic Meningioma H&E Papillary Meningioma H&E Rhabdoid meningioma Smear x400 Rhabdoid meningioma x200 Rhabdoid meningioma x400 Rhabdoid Meningioma H&E Metastatic Carcinoma IVth Ventri Chordoid Meningioma H&E Clear Cell Menigioma H&E Neuroblastoma Abundant Neuropil Desmoplastic Medulloblastoma H&E Homer Wright Rosettes Medulloblastoma with extensive n Medulloblastoma with extensive n Medulloblastoma With Extensive N Reactive Astrocyte Medulloblasto Spindle Cell Oncocytoma H&E ATRT 2 ATRT 1 Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumor Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumor Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumor Anaplastic Medulloblastoma H&E Classic Medulloblastoma H&E Desmoplastic medulloblastoma Ret Desmoplastic medulloblastoma Syn Lymphocytic Hypophysitis H&E Lymphocytic Hypophysitis Synapto Normal Pituitary H&E Germinoma H&E Acidophil Stem Cell Adenoma H&E Crooke Hyaline Change Pituitary Schwannomas 100 lp Schwannoma Antoni A& B SCHWAN HP Vestibular Schwannoma Ventral oligodendroglioma H&E Oligodendroglioma minigemistocyt Oligodendroglioma Smear H&E Schwannoma EMA Schwannoma GFAP lp Schwannoma Low Power Schwannoma LP Angiocentric glioma synaptophysi Intramedullary Ependymoma Transv Myxopapillary Ependymoma H&E Tanycytic Ependymoma H&E Colloid Cyst Wall H&E Craniopharyngioma Coronal Close Craniopharyngioma Ventral Close Craniopharyngioma Wet Keratin H& Rathke Cyst H&E Rathke LP Anaplastic Ependymoma H&E Clear Cell Ependymoma H&E Ependymoma H&E Optic Glioma H&E Pilocytic Astrocytoma H&E Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma H&E Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma Su Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocyt Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocyt Microvascular Proliferation H&E Infiltrating Glioma Thalmus NFih Inflitrating Glioma Thalamus x20 Tectal Glioma H&E Thalamic Glioma Sagittal Gemistocytic Astrocytoma H&E Chronic Wernicke Coronal Wernicke encephalopathy Pontine Anaplastic Astrocytoma Pencil Bu PVL H&E HP Neonatal porencephaly coronal Neonatal porencephaly lateral Porencephalywith Secondary Tract Porencephaly In Situ 65 year-old Porencephaly Right Hemisphere 2 Porencephaly Right Hemisphere In Acute Lead Encephalopathy Dorsal Alcoholic Cerebellar Degeneratio Grinker Myelinopathy Grinker Myelinopathy Close Up Methanol Intoxication Coronal Organizing PVL H&E Unilateral Hemorrhagic Necrosis Hemorrhagic PVL coronal Periventricular Leukomalacia Wit Periventricular Leukomalacia Wit Periventricular Leukomalacia Wit Periventricular White Matter Inf Hydranencephaly Ventral MCE whole mount Multicystic Encephalopathy Brain Multicystic Encephalopathy Coron Multicystic Encephalopathy Horiz Multicystic Encephalopathy In Si Status Marmoratuswith MCE Acute Brainstem Necrosis HE Hypotensive brainstem necrosis Hypotensive Brainstem Necrosis Mineralized neurons H&E Hippocampus Coronal Swiss Cheese Coronal Multiple Thalamus Coronal Close Up Thalamus Coronal Germ Matrix Hem HE Intraventricular Hem Coronal Intraventricular Hemorrhage coro Intraventricular Hemorrhage vent IVH Ventral Massive Hydrocephalus Post IVH Periventricular Hemorrhagic Infa Post IVH hydrocephalus Coronal Subependymal hemorrhage Mitochondrial Inclusions HSMN x200 resin HSMN x400 resin HSMN x600 myofibrillary myopathy x100 Rhabdomyolysis x400 Ring NADH Titinopathy paraffin x200 IBM trichrome IBM tricrome HP Inclusion body myositis trichrom Inclusion body myositis trichrom Trichrome IBM hp Churg-Strauss x200 Churg strauss x100 Churg Strauss x40 Dermatomyositis in lymphoma pati Myositis in lymphoma patient x20 Perivent Plaque CD68 IHC CCD NADH hyaline inclusions trichrome x20 Nemaline Trichrome x400 Tub Agg NADH x400 Tub Agg Trichrome x400 Target fibers NADH Diabetic thigh infarct x200 Congenital muscular dystrophy x2 MS Cervical Cord Hurst001 Machiafava Bignami Coronal TLDL edge H&E TLDL CD68 IHC TLDL HP VWMD spheroids VWMD Thalamus Astrocyte pleomorphism in TLDL Leigh BG coronal Leigh Midbrain Transverse Adrenoleukodystrophy Horizontal Krabbe H&E Pelizaeus Merzbacher Coronal Clo VWMD chromatolysis Progressive Multifocal Leukoence Progressive Multifocal Leukoence Progressive Multifocal Leukoence Progressive Multifocal Leukoence Thal WNV Perivascular Granuloma H&E HIV encephalopathy H&E HIV encephalopathy p24 IHC Herpes Simplex Encephalitis Cing Herpes Simplex Encephalitis Temp Herpes Simplex Encephalitis Vent JC virus ISH Prion IHC cerebrum Prion VV2 Cerebellum Sagittal wi Type 2 prion Cerebellum IHC Prion IHC florid plaque Granulomatous Meningitis H&E JCD occipital IHC x200 JCD occipital IHC x40 Prion Cerebral Biopsy H&E Prion IHC cerebellum Prion IHC cerebellum 2 Cysticercosis Horizontal Close U Cysticercosis Surgical Hemisecti Echinococcal Cyst Temporal Coron Gerstmann Straussler Hippocampus GSS HC HP GSS hippocampus LP JCD cerebellum IHC x100 Phaeohyphomycosis Lateral Phaeomycosis GMS x600 Phaeomycosis H&E LP Phaeomycosis H&E HP Phaeomycosis PAS x100 Acanthameba Coronal Close Up Cysticerc HP Cysticercosis H&E Low Power Aspergillus Bx HP Candida Coronal Whole Mount PAS Coccidiodes Meningitis H&E Cryptococcus HP Histoplasmoma H&E Phaeohyphomycosis Base Phaeohyphomycosis Hemi Coronal Steril Abscess Thalamus Horizont Congenital Syphilis Base Chronic Meningitis Obstructing C Encephalocele Occipital Ventral Inenecephaly Lochenshadel Medulla Mitochondrial Encephalop Anencephaly Lateral Anencephaly Dorsal Chiari Dorsal Brain Stem Chiari II Cord & Post Fossa Chiari II full Legnth Chiari Mid Sagittal Adult Chiari Ventral Brain Stem Cranio Rachiscisis Dorsal Body Ischemic Micrenceohaly Lateral Posterior Fossa Arachnoid Cyst S Temporal Lobe Arachnoid Cyst Ven Laminar And WM Necrosis Mitichon Leigh BG coronal Leigh Midbrain Transverse Leigh Subthalamic Coronal Tay Sachs Cerebellum Coronals Bilateral Perisylvian Ulegyria W Pachygyria Coronal Periventricular Nodular Heteroto Zonal Heterotop Coronal Dandy-Walker Whole Mount Myelin Ecchordosis Physalifera Palmini 2b HP White Matter Neurons White Matter Neurons NFihc Cyclopia Holoprosencephaly Holoprosencephaly Coronal Holoprosencephaly Dorsal Floatin Holoprosencephaly Ventral Close Holoprosencephaly Ventralwith Du Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis V Palmini 1b HP Palmini 2a HP amygdala Corp Amylacea HP PSP Globose NFT Substantia Nigra Subthalamic NFT in PSP Thalamotomy for Parkinson Diseas Dentate nucleus grumose change Lewy Body Substantia Nigra H&E MSA Inferior Olive Synuclein Hig Pleomorphic LB x600 PSP Coronal Subthalamic Hered Dyspasic Dementia Coronal Posterior Lobar Atrophy Lateral Fredreich Ataxia Spinal Cord Who Hereditary Diffuse Leukoencephal Huntington With Control Coronal Huntington Coronal Grade IV SCA cerebellar Folia H&E amygdala synuclein IHC Surgical BX Ubiquitin IHC early ALS anterior horn cells ubiquiti ALS anterior horn cells ubiquiti FTLD-Udentate Ubiq IHC FTLD Coronal Hemisphere ADhippocampus King Stain x40 Alzheimer Disease Amyloid IHC Alzheimer Disease NFTin Locus Ce Alzheimer Disease Ventral Brain Hippocampus silver stain Hippocampus silver stain x200 Insular Tau cotton Wool Plaque. PS1 BAMihc Angioma Trichrome Multiple Angioma Brain Coronal w Cortical Venous Thrombosis Later SSS Thrombus Cut Section Venous Thrombosis Dorsal Shaken2 AD-Hippocampus x40 Temporal Arteritis Low Power H&E Aneurysm Wall HP Aneurysm Wall Movat HP aneurysm Wall Trichrom Cerebra Edema due to SAH In Situ Ruptured ACoA with Clip Ventral Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Ventral Thrombosed Basilar Aneurysm Tran JTAE HP PACNS LM HP Hemorrhagic Pineal Cyst Basal Ganglia Hemorrhage Horizon Ceerebellar Hemorrhage Transvers Pontine Hemorrhage Sagittal Pontine Hemorrhage Transverse Mu Putaminal Hemorrhage Coronal Thalamic Hemorrhage Coronal Cord Hemorrhage Leukemia Dorsal Cord Hemorrhage Leukemia Transve Granular Atrophy Close Up IIrd Nerve Compression Transtent Midbrain Hemorrhage from Transte Malignant Hypertension Edema Multiple Angioma Brain Ventral w TTP Horizontal GANS HP Fat Emboli Fresh Coronal Organizing MCA with Secondary CS Recent MCAWhole Mount PICA hemmorrhagic Cerebellar Thalamic Infarct Coronal Basilar Thrombus Ventral Internal Carotid Thrombus Thromboembolus Thromboembolus LP Amyloid Angiopathy H&E Amyloid Angiopathy IHC amyloid Angiopathy Amyloid Angiopathy IHC Lobar Hemorrhage Coronal Watershed Infarcts Hemisphere Co Axonal Injury BAM10 HP Eosinophilic Neuronal Degenerati Eosinophilic Neuronal Degenerati Eosinophilic Neuronal Degenerati Primary CNS lymphoma x40 Primary CNS Lymphoma x400 Dural Malt Lymphoma x400 Dura Malt Lymphoma x100 Large B-cell Lymphoma Leg Leg Lymphomamet Braib x200 PCNSL-hp PCNSL crush x40 Hemangioblastoma Hemangioblastoma H&E Spine Amyloidoma HP IVL cd20hp ivl hp Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Dysembryoplastic Neuroepthelial Lhermitte-Duclos H&E Lhermitte-Duclos Whole Mount H&E Lhermitte Duclos Surgical Exposu Central Neurocytoma H&E Rosetted Glioneuronal Tumor IVth Cerebellar Hemagioblastoma Dorsa Cer Hemangioblast lp Angiocentric Glioma H&E Chronic Wernicke Coronal Acute Wernicke Midbrain Transver Gomori Trichrome Nemaline Rods 2 Acute neuronal necrosis cerebell Acute neuronal necrosis - cerebe A Foot Amyloid Angiopathy Labeled H&E Stain of an Anaplastic Astro Note to gliageek 2 Note to gliageek 1 Gray - Brachial Plexus Pronator teres Gray - Nerves of upper extremity Contained hypertensive putaminal Intramedullary hemorrhage in a p Intramedullary hemorrhage in a p Hypertensive hemorrhage with rup Organized putaminal hemorrhage Hemorrhagic pineal cyst Chiari on Sagittal MRI Transtentorial herniation with s Subarachnoid hemorrhage, base of Subarachnoid hemorrhage, base of Cortical venous thrombosis in a Superior sagittal sinus thrombus Cavernous malformation, trichrom Foix-alajounine syndrome, spinal Arteriovenous malformation, with Arteriovenous malformation Top of the basilar artery aneury Basilar artery aneurysm, thrombo Basilar artery aneurysm, thrombo Basilar artery aneurysm, thrombo Giant saccular aneurysm, thrombo Giant middle cerebral artery ane Saccular (berry) aneur Pontine hemorrhages in a patient Multiple intraparenchymal hemorr Petechial intracortical hemorrha Transtentorial herniation with u Acute bilateral tonsillar hernia Granulomatous angiitis of the ce Granulomatous angiitis of the ce lPACNSmvhp Juvenile temporal arteritis with Granular atrophy of the cerebral Hypertensive thalamic hemorrhage Hypertensive pontine hemorrhage Hypertensive pontine hemorrhage, Lobar hemorrhage secondary to ru Petechial intramedullary hemorrh Intramedullary hemorrhage in a p Hypertensive cerebellar hemorrha Hypertensive pontine hemorrhage Hypertensive putaminal hemorrhag Lobar hemorrhages secondary to a Primary pontine hemorrhage in a Primary pontine hemorrhage in a Dorsolateral medullary infarct Middle cerebral artery distribut Whole Mount section of recent MC Right posterior inferior cerebel Right posterior inferior cerebel Posterior cerebral artery distri Innumerable pericapillary hemorr Basilar artery thrombosis Organizing infarct, left posteri Dorsal medullary infarct without Recent infarct, dorsal medulla Thromboembolic occlusion, cerebe Cavitating infarcts within middl Carotid artery thrombus Hemorrhagic necrosis, posterior Bilateral pallidal necrosis with Unilateral thalamic infarct Recent hemorrhagic infarct, righ Arterial Border Zone Infarcts, u Ammons Horn Sclerosis Bilateral hemorrhagic infarcts, Cerebellar Sclerosis BilAmyGHemA92_80 galenRight galenRight2 A07-35PS1HP FLDantHCclose FLDhemiCor FLDhemicorant FLDhoriz HeredDyspasicDementiaA96-33 PostCerebAtrophyLat FredreichCord HDcor HDLSparietal HDvCntrlCor MSAcystsHorizontal MSAhemiputamen094_5 PSPdenthp PSPsnhp Thalamotomy1976 CorHP SagHP HPE HPE001 HPE005 HPE2 HPEfloating HPE_cyclopia_1 HPE_leukenschaedel_1 HPE_tri13_1 HPE_tri13_2 TaySachs1 TaySachs2 HemimegKluverWM HemimegSurgCor HME NodHetero2 NodHeterotop1 PachygyriaCor ZonalHeterotopCor AHSHE ArachCyst CHtubermp Ecchordosis1 Ecchordosis2 MicrocephIschemicLateral ChiariBelow ChiariDorsal003 ChiariIId ChiariII_fullLegnth ChiariKink ChiariLateral004 ChiariMB ChiariMidSag1 ChiariSide ChiariVentral001 ChiariVentral002 Craniopharyngioma001 CranioRach Encephalocele1 Encephalocele2 Inenecephaly Lochenshadel KrabbeHP neonatalKrabbehp Leigh1 Leigh1b Leigh1c Leigh2a Leigh2b Machiafava001 sagittalhp sagittalhpplAT VWMDchromatolysis VWMD_Thalamus A0472THAL_MS Hurst001 Pes Cavus BECTS SEGA micro Skull Base Foramina Nemaline Muscle Cytochrome Oxidase GBM 02 GBM 01 Rosenthal Fibers Amyloid Plaques Amyloid plaques and angiopathy Cavernous Angioma 2 Cavernous Angioma EM IBM Capillary Telangiectases Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Substantia nigra Virchow Robin Substantia nigra neuromelanin Substantia nigra Cerebellum Neonate Purkinje Cell Cerebellum Neonate Cerebellum Neonate PCL Cerebellum Neonatal ML 2 Cerebellum Neonate ML Cerebellum Neonate GCL Cerebellum Neonate EGCL 2 Cerebellum Neonate EGCL MRI T2 Encephalitis EEG Normal with Mu Angiogram 2 MCA M1 again Angiogram 2 MCA M1 Angiogram 2 ICA Petrous Angiogram 2 ICA Cervical Angiogram 2 ICA Supraclinoid Angiogram 2 ICA Cavernous Angiogram 2 ACA ACOM Angiogram 2 ACA A2 Angiogram 2 ACA A1 Map of the San Joaquin Valley Map of Ohio River Basin Map of Mississippi River Basin Sacral Dimple Angiogram Opthalmic Angiogram ICA Supraclinoid Angiogram ICA Petrous Angiogram ICA Cervical Angiogram ICA Cavernous Angiogram ACA A2 Grizzly Bear MRV Transverse Sinus MRV Straight Sinus MRV SSS MRV Internal Cerebral Vein MRA Gad Bolus Left Subclavian Ar MRA Gad Bolus Left MCA MRA Gad Bolus Left ICA MRA Gad Bolus Left ECA MRA Gad Bolus Left CCA MRA Gad Bolus Left Carotid Bifur MRA Gad Bolus Right Vertebral Ar MRA Gad Bolus Right CCA MRA Gad Bolus Innominate MRA Gad Bolus Aortic Arch Angiogram transverse sinus Angiogram torcula Angiogram superior sagittal sinu Angiogram sigmoid sinus Angiogram jugular bulb Angiogram jugular vein MRI Gad Bolus ACA EEG slowing in hyperventilation Anterior Leukodystrophy MRI T2 3Hz Spike and wave 01 Wenicke Encephalopathy Optic Glioma Bilateral Acoustic Neuromas Port Wine Ring-enhancing Lesion MRI Tilt Table Syncope Tilt Table Orthostatic Hypotensi Tilt Table POTS Adam FNF Essential Adam FNF Intention Adam FNF Normal Adam FNF Parkinson Fasciculus Gracilis C6 MRI Metachromatic Leukodystrophy MRI Schizencephaly MRI Stroke Right PCA AVM AVM AVM AVM EEG normal sleep EEG PLEDs right EEG normal tachycardia EEG FIRDA EEG FIRDA EEG FIRDA EEG FIRDA EEG normal with EKG artifact EEG normal with EKG artifact EEG normal with EKG artifact EEG normal drowsy slow eye movem EEG normal with eye movements EEG alpha coma EEG artifacts Neuroblastoma Neuroblastoma Neuroblastoma Neuroblastoma Lewy body Lewy Body Lewy body Lewy Body Ganglioneuroblastoma Ganglioneuroblastoma Ganglioneuroblastoma Ganglioneuroblastoma Amyloid Plaque NIA Amyloid Plaque NIA Amyloid Plaque NIA Amyloid Plaque NIA Septo-optic Dysplasia Gross Brain Highlighting Medial Alexia without Agraphia 01 Vitruvian RUE Axillary Gray812 Venus Radial Venus Lower Trunk Venus Median |
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privacy policy Web 2.0 policy disclaimer contact us